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Copyright © 1999–2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs network features
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Tramp: (tramp). Transparent Remote Access, Multiple Protocol
Emacs remote file access via ssh and scp.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: tramp.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
TRAMP 2.6.0.1 User Manual
*************************
This file documents TRAMP 2.6.0.1, a remote file editing package for
Emacs.
TRAMP stands for “Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple
Protocol”. This package provides an easy, convenient, and consistent
interface to editing remote files transparently, just as if they are
local files. This extends to editing, version control, ‘dired’, and
more.
You can find the latest version of this document on the web at
<https://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/>.
There is a mailing list for TRAMP, available at
<tramp-devel@gnu.org>, and archived at the TRAMP Mail Archive
(https://lists.gnu.org/r/tramp-devel/).
Copyright © 1999–2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts
being “A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
“GNU Free Documentation License”.
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual.”
* Menu:
* Overview:: What TRAMP can and cannot do.
For the end user:
* Obtaining TRAMP:: How to obtain TRAMP.
* Quick Start Guide:: Short introduction how to use TRAMP.
* Configuration:: Configuring TRAMP for use.
* Usage:: An overview of the operation of TRAMP.
* Bug Reports:: Reporting Bugs and Problems.
* Frequently Asked Questions:: Questions and answers from the mailing list.
For the developer:
* Files directories and localnames::
How file names, directories and localnames
are mangled and managed.
* Traces and Profiles:: How to Customize Traces.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Function Index:: TRAMP functions.
* Variable Index:: User options and variables.
* Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
— The Detailed Node Listing —
Configuring TRAMP for use
* Connection types:: Types of connections to remote hosts.
* Inline methods:: Inline methods.
* External methods:: External methods.
* GVFS-based methods:: GVFS-based external methods.
* FUSE-based methods:: FUSE-based external methods.
* Default Method:: Selecting a default method.
* Default User:: Selecting a default user.
* Default Host:: Selecting a default host.
* Multi-hops:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops.
* Firewalls:: Passing firewalls.
* Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods.
* Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion.
* Password handling:: Reusing passwords for several connections.
* Connection caching:: Reusing connection related information.
* Predefined connection information::
Setting own connection related information.
* Remote programs:: How TRAMP finds and uses programs on the remote host.
* Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints.
* Ssh setup:: Ssh setup hints.
* FUSE setup:: FUSE setup hints.
* Android shell setup:: Android shell setup hints.
* Auto-save File Lock and Backup::
Auto-save, File Lock and Backup.
* Keeping files encrypted:: Protect remote files by encryption.
Using TRAMP
* File name syntax:: TRAMP file name conventions.
* Change file name syntax:: Alternative file name syntax.
* File name completion:: File name completion.
* Ad-hoc multi-hops:: Declaring multiple hops in the file name.
* Home directories:: Expanding ‘~’ to home directory.
* Remote processes:: Integration with other Emacs packages.
* Cleanup remote connections:: Cleanup remote connections.
* Renaming remote files:: Renaming remote files.
* Archive file names:: Access to files in file archives.
How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed
* Localname deconstruction:: Breaking a localname into its components.
* External packages:: Integration with external Lisp packages.
File: tramp.info, Node: Overview, Next: Obtaining TRAMP, Up: Top
1 An overview of TRAMP
**********************
TRAMP is for transparently accessing remote files from within Emacs.
TRAMP enables an easy, convenient, and consistent interface to remote
files as if they are local files. TRAMP’s transparency extends to
editing, version control, and ‘dired’.
TRAMP can access remote hosts using any number of access methods,
such as ‘ssh’, ‘scp’, ‘telnet’, and related programs. If these programs
can successfully pass ASCII characters, TRAMP can use them. TRAMP does
not require or mandate 8-bit clean connections.
TRAMP’s most common access method is through ‘ssh’, a more secure
alternative to ‘ftp’ and other older access methods.
TRAMP on MS Windows operating systems is integrated with the PuTTY
package, and uses the ‘plink’ program.
TRAMP mostly operates transparently in the background using the
connection programs. As long as these programs enable remote login and
can use the terminal, TRAMP can adapt them for seamless and transparent
access.
TRAMP temporarily transfers a remote file’s contents to the local
host editing and related operations. TRAMP can also transfer files
between hosts using standard Emacs interfaces, a benefit of direct
integration of TRAMP in Emacs.
TRAMP can transfer files using any number of available host programs
for remote files, such as ‘rcp’, ‘scp’, ‘rsync’ or (under MS Windows)
‘pscp’. TRAMP provides easy ways to specify these programs and
customize them to specific files, hosts, or access methods.
For faster small-size file transfers, TRAMP supports encoded
transfers directly through the shell using ‘mimencode’ or ‘uuencode’
provided such tools are available on the remote host.
TRAMP behind the scenes
.......................
Accessing a remote file through TRAMP entails a series of actions, many
of which are transparent to the user. Yet some actions may require user
response (such as entering passwords or completing file names). One
typical scenario, opening a file on a remote host, is presented here to
illustrate the steps involved:
‘C-x C-f’ to initiate find-file, enter part of the TRAMP file name,
then hit ‘<TAB>’ for completion. If this is the first time connecting
to that host, here’s what happens:
• TRAMP invokes ‘telnet HOST’ or ‘ssh -l USER HOST’ and establishes
an external process to connect to the remote host. TRAMP
communicates with the process through an Emacs buffer, which also
shows output from the remote host.
• The remote host may prompt for a login name (for ‘telnet’, for
example) in the buffer. If on the other hand, the login name was
included in the file name portion, TRAMP sends the login name
followed by a newline.
• The remote host may then prompt for a password or passphrase (for
‘ssh’ or for ‘telnet’). TRAMP displays the password prompt in the
minibuffer. TRAMP then sends whatever is entered to the remote
host, followed by a newline.
• TRAMP now waits for either the shell prompt or a failed login
message.
If TRAMP does not receive any messages within a timeout period (a
minute, for example), then TRAMP responds with an error message
about not finding the remote shell prompt. If there are any
messages from the remote host, TRAMP displays them in the buffer.
For any ‘login failed’ message from the remote host, TRAMP aborts
the login attempt, and repeats the login steps.
• Upon successful login, if TRAMP recognizes the shell prompt from
the remote host, TRAMP prepares the shell environment by turning
off echoing, setting the shell prompt, and other housekeeping
chores.
*Note* that for the remote shell, TRAMP invokes ‘/bin/sh’. The
remote host must recognize ‘exec /bin/sh’ and execute the
appropriate shell. This shell must support Bourne shell syntax.
• TRAMP executes ‘cd’ and ‘ls’ commands to find which files exist on
the remote host. TRAMP sometimes uses ‘echo’ with globbing. TRAMP
checks if a file or directory is writable with ‘test’. After each
command, TRAMP parses the output from the remote host for
completing the next operation.
• After remote file name completion, TRAMP transfers the file
contents from the remote host.
For inline transfers, TRAMP sends a command, such as ‘mimencode -b
/path/to/remote/file’, waits until the output has accumulated in
the buffer, then decodes that output to produce the file’s
contents.
For external transfers, TRAMP sends a command as follows:
$ rcp user@host:/path/to/remote/file /tmp/tramp.4711
TRAMP reads the local temporary file ‘/tmp/tramp.4711’ into a
buffer, and then deletes the temporary file.
• Edit, modify, change the buffer contents as normal, and then save
the buffer with ‘C-x C-s’.
• TRAMP transfers the buffer contents to the remote host in a reverse
of the process using the appropriate inline or external program.
I hope this has provided you with a basic overview of what happens
behind the scenes when you open a file with TRAMP.
File: tramp.info, Node: Obtaining TRAMP, Next: Quick Start Guide, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
2 Obtaining TRAMP
*****************
TRAMP is included as part of Emacs (since Emacs 22.1).
TRAMP is also freely packaged for download on the Internet at
<https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tramp/>. The version number of TRAMP can be
obtained by the variable ‘tramp-version’. For released TRAMP versions,
this is a three-number string like “2.4.5”.
A TRAMP release, which is packaged with Emacs, could differ slightly
from the corresponding standalone release. This is because it isn’t
always possible to synchronize release dates between Emacs and TRAMP.
Such version numbers have the Emacs version number as suffix, like
“2.4.5.27.2”. This means TRAMP 2.4.5 as integrated in Emacs 27.2. A
complete list of TRAMP versions packaged with Emacs can be retrieved by
(assoc 'Tramp customize-package-emacs-version-alist)
TRAMP is also available as GNU ELPA (https://elpa.gnu.org) package.
Besides the standalone releases, further minor versions of TRAMP will
appear on GNU ELPA, until the next TRAMP release appears. These minor
versions have a four-number string, like “2.4.5.1”.
TRAMP development versions are available on Git servers. Development
versions contain new and incomplete features. The development version
of TRAMP is always the version number of the next release, plus the
suffix “-pre”, like “2.4.4-pre”.
One way to obtain TRAMP from the Git server is to visit the Savannah
project page at the following URL and then clicking on the Git link in
the navigation bar at the top.
<https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/>
Another way is to follow the terminal session below:
$ cd ~/emacs
$ git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/tramp.git
From behind a proxy:
$ git config --global http.proxy http://user:pwd@proxy.server.com:8080
$ git clone https://git.savannah.gnu.org/r/tramp.git
TRAMP developers:
$ git clone login@git.sv.gnu.org:/srv/git/tramp.git
After one of the above commands, ‘~/emacs/tramp’ will containing the
latest version of TRAMP.
To fetch updates from the repository, use ‘git pull’:
$ cd ~/emacs/tramp
$ git pull
Run ‘autoconf’ as follows to generate an up-to-date ‘configure’ script:
$ cd ~/emacs/tramp
$ autoconf
See the file ‘INSTALL’ in that directory for further information on
how to install TRAMP.
File: tramp.info, Node: Quick Start Guide, Next: Configuration, Prev: Obtaining TRAMP, Up: Top
3 Short introduction how to use TRAMP
*************************************
TRAMP extends the Emacs file name syntax by adding a remote component.
A remote file name always looks like ‘/method:user@host:/path/to/file’.
You can use remote files exactly like ordinary files, that means you
can open a file or directory by ‘C-x C-f /method:user@host:/path/to/file
<RET>’, edit the file, and save it. You can also mix local files and
remote files in file operations with two arguments, like ‘copy-file’ or
‘rename-file’. And finally, you can even run processes on a remote
host, when the buffer you call the process from has a remote
‘default-directory’.
3.1 File name syntax
====================
Remote file names have ‘method’, ‘user’ and ‘host’ parts prepended. All
of them, and also the local file name part, are optional, in case of a
missing part a default value is assumed. The default value for an empty
local file name part is the remote user’s home directory. The shortest
remote file name is thus ‘/-::’. The ‘-’ notation for the default
method is used for syntactical reasons, *note Default Method::.
The ‘method’ part describes the connection method used to reach the
remote host, see below.
The ‘user’ part is the user name for accessing the remote host. For
the ‘smb’ method, this could also require a domain name, in which case
it is written as ‘user%domain’.
The ‘host’ part must be a host name which can be resolved on your
local host. It could be a short host name, a fully qualified domain
name, an IPv4 or IPv6 address, *note File name syntax::. Some
connection methods also support a notation for the port to be used, in
which case it is written as ‘host#port’.
3.2 Using ‘ssh’ and ‘plink’
===========================
If your local host runs an SSH client, and the remote host runs an SSH
server, the simplest remote file name is ‘/ssh:user@host:/path/to/file’.
The remote file name ‘/ssh::’ opens a remote connection to yourself on
the local host, and is often used for testing TRAMP.
On MS Windows, PuTTY is often used as the SSH client. Its ‘plink’
method can be used there to open a connection to a remote host running
an ‘ssh’ server: ‘/plink:user@host:/path/to/file’.
3.3 Using ‘su’, ‘sudo’, ‘doas’ and ‘sg’
=======================================
Sometimes, it is necessary to work on your local host under different
permissions. For this, you can use the ‘su’ or ‘sudo’ connection
method. On OpenBSD systems, the ‘doas’ connection method offers the
same functionality. These methods use ‘root’ as default user name and
the return value of ‘(system-name)’ as default host name. Therefore, it
is convenient to open a file as ‘/sudo::/path/to/file’.
The method ‘sg’ stands for “switch group”; here the user name is used
as the group to change to. The default host name is the same.
3.4 Combining ‘ssh’ or ‘plink’ with ‘su’, ‘sudo’ or ‘doas’
==========================================================
If the ‘su’, ‘sudo’ or ‘doas’ option should be performed on another
host, it can be comnbined with a leading ‘ssh’ or ‘plink’ option. That
means that TRAMP connects first to the other host with
non-administrative credentials, and changes to administrative
credentials on that host afterwards. In a simple case, the syntax looks
like ‘/ssh:user@host|sudo::/path/to/file’. *Note Ad-hoc multi-hops::.
3.5 Using ‘sudoedit’
====================
The ‘sudoedit’ method is similar to the ‘sudo’ method. However, it is a
different implementation: it does not keep an open session running in
the background. This is for security reasons; on the backside this
method has worse performance than the ‘sudo’ method, it is restricted to
‘localhost’ only, and it does not support external processes.
3.6 Using ‘smbclient’
=====================
In order to access a remote MS Windows host or Samba server, the
‘smbclient’ client is used. The remote file name syntax is
‘/smb:user%domain@host:/path/to/file’. The first part of the local file
name is the share exported by the remote host, ‘path’ in this example.
3.7 Using GVFS-based methods
============================
On systems which have GVFS (the GNOME Virtual File System) installed,
its offered methods can be used by TRAMP. Examples are
‘/sftp:user@host:/path/to/file’, ‘/afp:user@host:/path/to/file’
(accessing Apple’s AFP file system), ‘/dav:user@host:/path/to/file’,
‘/davs:user@host:/path/to/file’ (for WebDAV shares) and
‘/mtp:device:/path/to/file’ (for media devices).
3.8 Using GNOME Online Accounts based methods
=============================================
GVFS-based methods also include GNOME Online Accounts, which support the
‘Files’ service. These are the Google Drive file system, and the
OwnCloud/NextCloud file system. The file name syntax here is always
‘/gdrive:john.doe@gmail.com:/path/to/file’ (‘john.doe@gmail.com’ stands
here for your Google Drive account), or
‘/nextcloud:user@host#8081:/path/to/file’ (‘8081’ stands for the port
number) for OwnCloud/NextCloud files.
3.9 Using FUSE-based methods
============================
FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) allows users to mount a virtual file
system. It is also used by GVFS internally, but here we discuss methods
which do not use the GVFS API.
A convenient way to access system storages is the ‘rclone’ program.
If you have configured a storage in ‘rclone’ under a name ‘storage’ (for
example), you can access it via the remote file name syntax
‘/rclone:storage:/path/to/file’. User names are not needed.
On local hosts which have installed the ‘sshfs’ client for mounting a
file system based on ‘sftp’, this method can be used. All remote files
are available via the local mount point. TRAMP aids in mounting the
file system if it isn’t mounted yet, and it supports the access with the
usual file name syntax ‘/sshfs:user@host:/path/to/file’.
3.10 Using Android
==================
An Android device, which is connected via USB to your local host, can be
accessed via the ‘adb’ command. No user or host name is needed. The
file name syntax is ‘/adb::/path/to/file’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Configuration, Next: Usage, Prev: Quick Start Guide, Up: Top
4 Configuring TRAMP
*******************
TRAMP is initially configured to use the ‘scp’ program to connect to the
remote host. Just type ‘C-x C-f’ and then enter file name
‘/scp:user@host:/path/to/file’. For details, *Note Default Method::,
*Note Default User::, *Note Default Host::.
For problems related to the behavior of the remote shell, *Note
Remote shell setup::.
For changing the connection type and file access method from the
defaults to one of several other options, *Note Connection types::.
*Note* that some user options described in these examples are not
auto loaded by Emacs. All examples require TRAMP to be installed and
loaded:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-verbose 6 "Enable remote command traces")
For functions used to configure TRAMP, the following clause may be
used in your init file:
(with-eval-after-load 'tramp (tramp-change-syntax 'simplified))
Changing other variables via directory-local variables on a remote
directory must be enabled by setting ‘enable-remote-dir-locals’ to
non-‘nil’, *Note (emacs)Directory Variables::.
* Menu:
* Connection types:: Types of connections to remote hosts.
* Inline methods:: Inline methods.
* External methods:: External methods.
* GVFS-based methods:: GVFS-based external methods.
* FUSE-based methods:: FUSE-based external methods.
* Default Method:: Selecting a default method.
Here we also try to help those who
don’t have the foggiest which method
is right for them.
* Default User:: Selecting a default user.
* Default Host:: Selecting a default host.
* Multi-hops:: Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops.
* Firewalls:: Passing firewalls.
* Customizing Methods:: Using Non-Standard Methods.
* Customizing Completion:: Selecting config files for user/host name completion.
* Password handling:: Reusing passwords for several connections.
* Connection caching:: Reusing connection related information.
* Predefined connection information::
Setting own connection related information.
* Remote programs:: How TRAMP finds and uses programs on the remote host.
* Remote shell setup:: Remote shell setup hints.
* Ssh setup:: Ssh setup hints.
* FUSE setup:: FUSE setup hints.
* Android shell setup:: Android shell setup hints.
* Auto-save File Lock and Backup::
Auto-save, File Lock and Backup.
* Keeping files encrypted:: Protect remote files by encryption.
File: tramp.info, Node: Connection types, Next: Inline methods, Up: Configuration
4.1 Types of connections to remote hosts
========================================
“Inline method” and “external method” are the two basic types of access
methods. While they both use the same remote shell access programs,
such as ‘rsh’, ‘ssh’, or ‘telnet’, they differ in the file access
methods. Choosing the right method becomes important for editing files,
transferring large files, or operating on a large number of files.
The performance of the external methods is generally better than that
of the inline methods, at least for large files. This is caused by the
need to encode and decode the data when transferring inline.
The one exception to this rule are the ‘scp’-based access methods.
While these methods do see better performance when actually transferring
files, the overhead of the cryptographic negotiation at startup may
drown out the improvement in file transfer times.
External methods should be configured in such a way that they don’t
require a password (with ‘ssh-agent’, or similar). Modern ‘scp’
implementations offer options to reuse existing ‘ssh’ connections, which
TRAMP enables by default if available. If that is not possible, you
should consider *note Password handling::, otherwise you will be
prompted for a password for every copy action.
File: tramp.info, Node: Inline methods, Next: External methods, Prev: Connection types, Up: Configuration
4.2 Inline methods
==================
Inline methods use the same login connection to transfer file contents.
Inline methods are quick and easy for small files. They depend on the
availability of suitable encoding and decoding programs on the remote
host. For local source and destination, TRAMP may use built-in
equivalents of such programs in Emacs.
Inline methods can work in situations where an external transfer
program is unavailable. Inline methods also work when transferring
files between different _user identities_ on the same host.
TRAMP checks the remote host for the availability and usability of
one of the commands defined in ‘tramp-remote-coding-commands’. TRAMP
uses the first reliable command it finds. TRAMP’s search path can be
customized, see *note Remote programs::.
In case none of the commands are available, TRAMP first transfers a
small Perl program to the remote host, and then tries to use that
program for encoding and decoding.
To increase transfer speeds for large text files, TRAMP can use
compression before encoding. The user option
‘tramp-inline-compress-start-size’ specifies the file size above which
to use this optimization. This feature depends on the availability and
usability of one of the commands defined in
‘tramp-inline-compress-commands’.
‘rsh’
‘rsh’ is an option for connecting to hosts within local networks
since ‘rsh’ is not as secure as other methods. There should be no
reason to use it, as ‘ssh’ is a both a complete replacement and
ubiquitous.
‘ssh’
‘ssh’ is a more secure option than others to connect to a remote
host.
‘ssh’ can also take extra parameters as port numbers. For example,
a host on port 42 is specified as ‘host#42’ (the real host name, a
hash sign, then a port number). It is the same as passing ‘-p 42’
to the ‘ssh’ command.
‘telnet’
Connecting to a remote host with ‘telnet’ is as insecure as the
‘rsh’ method.
‘su’
Instead of connecting to a remote host, ‘su’ program allows editing
as another user. The host can be either ‘localhost’ or the host
returned by the function ‘(system-name)’. See *note Multi-hops::
for an exception to this behavior.
‘sudo’
Similar to ‘su’ method, ‘sudo’ uses ‘sudo’. ‘sudo’ must have
sufficient rights to start a shell.
For security reasons, a ‘sudo’ connection is disabled after a
predefined timeout (5 minutes by default). This can be changed,
see *note Predefined connection information::.
‘doas’
This method is used on OpenBSD like the ‘sudo’ command. Like the
‘sudo’ method, a ‘doas’ connection is disabled after a predefined
timeout.
‘sg’
The ‘sg’ program allows editing as different group. The host can
be either ‘localhost’ or the host returned by the function
‘(system-name)’. The user name must be specified, but it denotes a
group name. See *note Multi-hops:: for an exception to this
behavior.
‘sshx’
Works like ‘ssh’ but without the extra authentication prompts.
‘sshx’ uses ‘ssh -t -t -l USER -o RemoteCommand='/bin/sh -i' HOST’
to open a connection with a “standard” login shell. It supports
changing the remote login shell ‘/bin/sh’.
*Note* that ‘sshx’ does not bypass authentication questions. For
example, if the host key of the remote host is not known, ‘sshx’
will still ask “Are you sure you want to continue connecting?”.
TRAMP cannot handle such questions. Connections will have to be
setup where logins can proceed without such questions.
‘sshx’ is useful for MS Windows users when ‘ssh’ triggers an error
about allocating a pseudo tty. This happens due to missing shell
prompts that confuses TRAMP.
‘sshx’ supports the ‘-p’ argument.
‘krlogin’
This method is also similar to ‘ssh’. It uses the ‘krlogin -x’
command only for remote host login.
‘ksu’
This is another method from the Kerberos suite. It behaves like
‘su’.
‘plink’
‘plink’ method is for MS Windows users with the PuTTY
implementation of SSH. It uses ‘plink -ssh’ to log in to the
remote host. It supports changing the remote login shell
‘/bin/sh’.
Check the ‘Share SSH connections if possible’ control for that
session.
‘plink’ method supports the ‘-P’ argument.
‘plinkx’
Another method using PuTTY on MS Windows with session names instead
of host names. ‘plinkx’ calls ‘plink -load SESSION -t’. User
names and port numbers must be defined in the session. It supports
changing the remote login shell ‘/bin/sh’.
Check the ‘Share SSH connections if possible’ control for that
session.
‘docker’
Integration for Docker containers. The host name may be either a
running container’s name or ID, as returned by ‘docker ps’.
‘podman’
Podman is an alternative to ‘docker’ which may be run rootless, if
desired.
‘kubernetes’
Integration for containers in Kubernetes pods. The host name is a
pod name returned by ‘kubectl get pods’. The first container in a
pod is used.
This method does not support user names.
File: tramp.info, Node: External methods, Next: GVFS-based methods, Prev: Inline methods, Up: Configuration
4.3 External methods
====================
External methods operate over multiple channels, using the remote shell
connection for some actions while delegating file transfers to an
external transfer program.
External methods save on the overhead of encoding and decoding of
inline methods.
Since external methods have the overhead of opening a new channel,
files smaller than ‘tramp-copy-size-limit’ still use inline methods.
‘rcp’
This method uses the ‘rsh’ and ‘rcp’ commands to connect to the
remote host and transfer files. This is the fastest access method
available.
The alternative method ‘remcp’ uses the ‘remsh’ and ‘rcp’ commands.
‘scp’
Using a combination of ‘ssh’ to connect and ‘scp’ to transfer is
the most secure. While the performance is good, it is slower than
the inline methods for smaller files. Though there is no overhead
of encoding and decoding of the inline methods, ‘scp’’s
cryptographic handshake negates those speed gains.
‘ssh’-based methods support ‘-p’ feature for specifying port
numbers. For example, ‘host#42’ passes ‘-p 42’ in the argument
list to ‘ssh’, and ‘-P 42’ in the argument list to ‘scp’.
‘rsync’
‘ssh’ command to connect in combination with ‘rsync’ command to
transfer is similar to the ‘scp’ method.
‘rsync’ performs much better than ‘scp’ when transferring files
that exist on both hosts. However, this advantage is lost if the
file exists only on one side of the connection.
This method supports the ‘-p’ argument.
‘scpx’
‘scpx’ is useful to avoid login shell questions. It is similar in
performance to ‘scp’. ‘scpx’ uses ‘ssh -t -t -l USER -o
RemoteCommand='/bin/sh -i' HOST’ to open a connection. It supports
changing the remote login shell ‘/bin/sh’.
‘scpx’ is useful for MS Windows users when ‘ssh’ triggers an error
about allocating a pseudo tty. This happens due to missing shell
prompts that confuses TRAMP.
This method supports the ‘-p’ argument.
‘pscp’
‘psftp’
These methods are similar to ‘scp’ or ‘sftp’, but they use the
‘plink’ command to connect to the remote host, and they use ‘pscp’
or ‘psftp’ for transferring the files. These programs are part of
PuTTY, an SSH implementation for MS Windows.
They support changing the remote login shell ‘/bin/sh’.
Check the ‘Share SSH connections if possible’ control for that
session.
These methods support the ‘-P’ argument.
‘fcp’
This method is similar to ‘scp’, but uses ‘fsh’ to connect and
‘fcp’ to transfer files. ‘fsh/fcp’, a front-end for ‘ssh’, reuse
‘ssh’ session by submitting several commands. This avoids the
startup overhead due to ‘scp’’s secure connection. Inline methods
have similar benefits.
The command used for this connection is: ‘fsh HOST -l USER /bin/sh
-i’
‘fsh’ has no inline method since the multiplexing it offers is not
useful for TRAMP. ‘fsh’ connects to remote host and TRAMP keeps
that one connection open.
‘nc’
Using ‘telnet’ to connect and ‘nc’ to transfer files is sometimes
the only combination suitable for accessing routers or NAS hosts.
These dumb devices have severely restricted local shells, such as
the ‘busybox’ and do not host any other encode or decode programs.
‘sudoedit’
The ‘sudoedit’ method allows to edit a file as a different user on
the local host. You could regard this as TRAMP’s implementation of
the ‘sudoedit’. Contrary to the ‘sudo’ method, all magic file name
functions are implemented by single ‘sudo ...’ commands. The
purpose is to make editing such a file as secure as possible; there
must be no session running in the Emacs background which could be
attacked from inside Emacs.
Consequently, external processes are not implemented.
The host name of such remote file names must represent the local
host. Since the default value is already proper, it is recommended
not to use any host name in the remote file name, like
‘/sudoedit::/path/to/file’ or ‘/sudoedit:user@:/path/to/file’.
Like the ‘sudo’ method, a ‘sudoedit’ password expires after a
predefined timeout.
‘ftp’
When TRAMP uses ‘ftp’, it forwards requests to whatever ftp program
is specified by Ange FTP. This external program must be capable of
servicing requests from TRAMP.
‘smb’
This non-native TRAMP method connects via the Server Message Block
(SMB) networking protocol to hosts running file servers that are
typically based on Samba or MS Windows.
Using ‘smbclient’ requires a few tweaks when working with TRAMP:
The first directory in the localname must be a share name on the
remote host.
Since some SMB share names end in the ‘$’ character, TRAMP must use
‘$$’ when specifying those shares to avoid environment variable
substitutions.
When TRAMP is not specific about the share name or uses the generic
remote directory ‘/’, ‘smbclient’ returns all available shares.
Since SMB authentication is based on each SMB share, TRAMP prompts
for a password even when accessing a different share on the same
SMB host. This prompting can be suppressed by *note Password
handling::.
To accommodate user name/domain name syntax required by MS Windows
authorization, TRAMP provides for an extended syntax in
‘user%domain’ format (where ‘user’ is the user name, ‘%’ is the
percent symbol, and ‘domain’ is the MS Windows domain name). An
example:
/smb:daniel%BIZARRE@melancholia:/daniel$$/.emacs
where user ‘daniel’ connects as a domain user to the SMB host
‘melancholia’ in the MS Windows domain ‘BIZARRE’ to edit ‘.emacs’
located in the home directory (share ‘daniel$’).
Alternatively, for local WINS users (as opposed to domain users),
substitute the domain name with the name of the local host in
UPPERCASE as shown here:
/smb:daniel%MELANCHOLIA@melancholia:/daniel$$/.emacs
where user ‘daniel’ connects as local user to the SMB host
‘melancholia’ in the local domain ‘MELANCHOLIA’ to edit ‘.emacs’
located in the home directory (share ‘daniel$’).
The domain name and user name are optional for ‘smbclient’
authentication. When user name is not specified, ‘smbclient’ uses
the anonymous user (without prompting for password). This behavior
is unlike other TRAMP methods, where local user name is
substituted.
The ‘smb’ method is unavailable if Emacs is run under a local user
authentication context in MS Windows. However such users can still
access remote files using UNC file names instead of TRAMP:
//melancholia/daniel$$/.emacs
UNC file name specification does not allow the specification of a
different user name for authentication like the ‘smbclient’ can.
‘adb’
This method uses Android Debug Bridge program for accessing Android
devices. The Android Debug Bridge must be installed locally for
TRAMP to work. Some GNU/Linux distributions provide Android Debug
Bridge as an installation package. Alternatively, the program is
installed as part of the Android SDK. TRAMP finds the ‘adb’
program either via the ‘PATH’ environment variable or the absolute
path set in the user option ‘tramp-adb-program’.
TRAMP connects to Android devices with ‘adb’ only when the user
option ‘tramp-adb-connect-if-not-connected’ is not ‘nil’.
Otherwise, the connection must be established outside Emacs.
TRAMP does not require a host name part of the remote file name
when a single Android device is connected to ‘adb’. TRAMP instead
uses ‘/adb::’ as the default name. ‘adb devices’, run in a shell
outside Emacs, shows available host names.
‘adb’ method normally does not need user name to authenticate on
the Android device because it runs under the ‘adbd’ process. But
when a user name is specified, however, TRAMP applies an ‘su’ in
the syntax. When authentication does not succeed, especially on
un-rooted Android devices, TRAMP displays login errors.
For Android devices connected through TCP/IP, a port number can be
specified using ‘device#42’ host name syntax or TRAMP can use the
default value as declared in ‘adb’ command. Port numbers are not
applicable to Android devices connected through USB.
File: tramp.info, Node: GVFS-based methods, Next: FUSE-based methods, Prev: External methods, Up: Configuration
4.4 GVFS-based external methods
===============================
GVFS is the virtual file system for the GNOME Desktop,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GVFS>. Remote files on GVFS are mounted
locally through FUSE and TRAMP uses this locally mounted directory
internally.
Emacs uses the D-Bus mechanism to communicate with GVFS. Emacs must
have the message bus system, D-Bus integration active, *note D-Bus:
(dbus)Top.
‘afp’
This method is for connecting to remote hosts with the Apple Filing
Protocol for accessing files on macOS volumes. TRAMP access syntax
requires a leading volume (share) name, for example:
‘/afp:user@host:/volume’.
‘dav’
‘davs’
‘dav’ method provides access to WebDAV files and directories based
on standard protocols, such as HTTP. ‘davs’ does the same but with
SSL encryption. Both methods support the port numbers.
Paths being part of the WebDAV volume to be mounted by GVFS, as it
is common for OwnCloud or NextCloud file names, are not supported
by these methods. See method ‘nextcloud’ for handling them.
‘gdrive’
Via the ‘gdrive’ method it is possible to access your Google Drive
online storage. User and host name of the remote file name are
your email address of the Google Drive credentials, like
‘/gdrive:john.doe@gmail.com:/’. These credentials must be
populated in your ‘Online Accounts’ application outside Emacs.
Since Google Drive uses cryptic blob file names internally, TRAMP
works with the ‘display-name’ of the files. This could produce
unexpected behavior in case two files in the same directory have
the same ‘display-name’, such a situation must be avoided.
‘mtp’
Media devices, like cell phones, tablets, cameras, can be accessed
via the ‘mtp’ method. Just the device name is needed in order to
specify the host in the file name. However, the device must
already be connected via USB, before accessing it. Possible device
names are visible via host name completion, *note File name
completion::.
Depending on the device type, the access could be read-only. Some
devices are accessible under different names in parallel, offering
different parts of their file system.
TRAMP does not require a host name as part of the remote file name
when a single media device is connected. TRAMP instead uses
‘/mtp::’ as the default name.
‘nextcloud’
As the name indicates, the method ‘nextcloud’ allows you to access
OwnCloud or NextCloud hosted files and directories. Like the
‘gdrive’ method, your credentials must be populated in your ‘Online
Accounts’ application outside Emacs. The method supports port
numbers.
‘sftp’
This method uses ‘sftp’ in order to securely access remote hosts.
‘sftp’ is a more secure option for connecting to hosts that for
security reasons refuse ‘ssh’ connections.
When there is a respective entry in your ‘ssh’ configuration, do
_not_ set the ‘RemoteCommand’ option.
-- User Option: tramp-gvfs-methods
This user option is a list of external methods for GVFS. By
default, this list includes ‘afp’, ‘dav’, ‘davs’, ‘gdrive’, ‘mtp’,
‘nextcloud’ and ‘sftp’. Other methods to include are ‘ftp’,
‘http’, ‘https’ and ‘smb’. These methods are not intended to be
used directly as GVFS-based method. Instead, they are added here
for the benefit of *note Archive file names::.
If you want to use GVFS-based ‘ftp’ or ‘smb’ methods, you must add
them to ‘tramp-gvfs-methods’, and you must disable the
corresponding TRAMP package by setting ‘tramp-ftp-method’ or
‘tramp-smb-method’ to ‘nil’, respectively:
(add-to-list 'tramp-gvfs-methods "ftp")
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-ftp-method nil)
File: tramp.info, Node: FUSE-based methods, Next: Default Method, Prev: GVFS-based methods, Up: Configuration
4.5 FUSE-based external methods
===============================
Besides GVFS, there are other virtual file systems using the FUSE
interface. Remote files are mounted locally through FUSE and TRAMP uses
this locally mounted directory internally. When possible, TRAMP maps
the remote file names to their respective local file name, and applies
the file name operation on them. For some of the file name operations
this is not possible, TRAMP emulates those operations otherwise.
‘rclone’
The program ‘rclone’ allows to access different system storages in
the cloud, see <https://rclone.org/> for a list of supported
systems. If the ‘rclone’ program isn’t found in your ‘PATH’
environment variable, you can tell TRAMP its absolute path via the
user option ‘tramp-rclone-program’.
A system storage must be configured via the ‘rclone config’
command, outside Emacs. If you have configured a storage in
‘rclone’ under a name ‘storage’ (for example), you could access it
via the remote file name
/rclone:storage:/path/to/file
User names are part of the ‘rclone’ configuration, and not needed
in the remote file name. If a user name is contained in the remote
file name, it is ignored.
Internally, TRAMP mounts the remote system storage at location
‘/tmp/tramp.rclone.storage’, with ‘storage’ being the name of the
configured system storage.
The mount point and optional flags to the different ‘rclone’
operations could be passed as connection properties, *Note Setup of
rclone method::.
Access via ‘rclone’ is slow. If you have an alternative method for
accessing the system storage, you should use it. *note GVFS-based
methods:: for example, methods ‘gdrive’ and ‘nextcloud’.
‘sshfs’
On local hosts which have installed the ‘sshfs’ client for mounting
a file system based on ‘sftp’, this method can be used, see
<https://github.com/libfuse/sshfs/blob/master/README.rst/>. If the
‘sshfs’ program isn’t found in your ‘PATH’ environment variable,
you can tell TRAMP its absolute path via the user option
‘tramp-sshfs-program’.
All remote files are available via the local mount point. TRAMP
aids in mounting the file system if it isn’t mounted yet. The
remote file name syntax is
/sshfs:user@host#port:/path/to/file
User name and port number are optional. This method does not
support password handling, the file system must either be mounted
already, or the connection must be established passwordless via ssh
keys.
The mount point and mount arguments could be passed as connection
properties, *Note Setup of sshfs method::.
File: tramp.info, Node: Default Method, Next: Default User, Prev: FUSE-based methods, Up: Configuration
4.6 Selecting a default method
==============================
In a remote file name, the use of a default method is indicated by the
pseudo method ‘-’, *note File name syntax::.
-- User Option: tramp-default-method
Default method is for transferring files. The user option
‘tramp-default-method’ sets it. TRAMP uses this user option to
determine the default method for remote file names that do not have
one specified.
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-default-method "ssh")
-- User Option: tramp-default-method-alist
Default methods for transferring files can be customized for
specific user and host combinations through the user option
‘tramp-default-method-alist’.
For example, the following two lines specify to use the ‘ssh’
method for all user names matching ‘john’ and the ‘rsync’ method
for all host names matching ‘lily’. The third line specifies to
use the ‘su’ method for the user ‘root’ on the host ‘localhost’.
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("" "john" "ssh"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist '("lily" "" "rsync"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-method-alist
'("\\`localhost\\'" "\\`root\\'" "su"))
External methods performance faster for large files. *note Inline
methods::. *note External methods::.
Choosing the access method also depends on the security environment.
For example, ‘rsh’ and ‘telnet’ methods that use clear text password
transfers are inappropriate for over the Internet connections. Secure
remote connections should use ‘ssh’ that provide encryption.
4.6.1 Which method to use?
--------------------------
TRAMP provides maximum number of choices for maximum flexibility.
Choosing which method depends on the hosts, clients, network speeds, and
the security context.
Start by using an inline method.
External methods might be more efficient for large files, but most
TRAMP users edit small files more often than large files.
Enable compression, ‘tramp-inline-compress-start-size’, for a
performance boost for large files with inline methods.
Since ‘ssh’ has become the most common method of remote host access
and it has the most reasonable security protocols, use ‘ssh’ method.
Typical ‘ssh’ usage to edit the ‘/etc/motd’ file on the otherhost:
C-x C-f /ssh:root@otherhost:/etc/motd <RET>
If ‘ssh’ is unavailable for whatever reason, look for other obvious
options. For MS Windows, try the ‘plink’ method. For Kerberos, try
‘krlogin’.
For editing local files as ‘su’ or ‘sudo’ methods, try the shortened
syntax of ‘root’:
C-x C-f /su::/etc/motd <RET>
For editing large files, ‘scp’ is faster than ‘ssh’. ‘pscp’ is
faster than ‘plink’. But this speed improvement is not always true.
When copying large files between two different remote hosts via
‘scp’, set ‘tramp-use-scp-direct-remote-copying’ to non-‘nil’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Default User, Next: Default Host, Prev: Default Method, Up: Configuration
4.7 Selecting a default user
============================
-- User Option: tramp-default-user
A TRAMP file name can omit the user name part since TRAMP
substitutes the currently logged-in user name. However this
substitution can be overridden with ‘tramp-default-user’. For
example:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-default-user "root")
-- User Option: tramp-default-user-alist
Instead of a single default user, ‘tramp-default-user-alist’ allows
multiple default user values based on access method or host name
combinations. The alist can hold multiple values. For example, to
use the ‘john’ as the default user for the domain ‘somewhere.else’
only:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-user-alist
'("ssh" ".*\\.somewhere\\.else\\'" "john"))
A Caution: TRAMP will override any default user specified in the
configuration files outside Emacs, such as ‘~/.ssh/config’. To
stop TRAMP from applying the default value, set the corresponding
alist entry to ‘nil’:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-user-alist
'("ssh" "\\`here\\.somewhere\\.else\\'" nil))
The last entry in ‘tramp-default-user-alist’ should be reserved for
catch-all or most often used login.
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-user-alist
'(nil nil "jonas") t)
File: tramp.info, Node: Default Host, Next: Multi-hops, Prev: Default User, Up: Configuration
4.8 Selecting a default host
============================
-- User Option: tramp-default-host
When host name is omitted, TRAMP substitutes the value from the
‘tramp-default-host’ user option. It is initially populated with
the local host name where Emacs is running. The default method,
default user and default host can be overridden as follows:
(custom-set-variables
'(tramp-default-method "ssh")
'(tramp-default-user "john")
'(tramp-default-host "target"))
With all defaults set, ‘/-::’ will connect TRAMP to John’s home
directory on ‘target’ via ‘ssh’.
-- User Option: tramp-default-host-alist
Instead of a single default host, ‘tramp-default-host-alist’ allows
multiple default host values based on access method or user name
combinations. The alist can hold multiple values. While
‘tramp-default-host’ is sufficient in most cases, some methods,
like ‘adb’, require defaults overwritten.
File: tramp.info, Node: Multi-hops, Next: Firewalls, Prev: Default Host, Up: Configuration
4.9 Connecting to a remote host using multiple hops
===================================================
Multi-hops are methods to reach hosts behind firewalls or to reach the
outside world from inside a bastion host. With multi-hops, TRAMP can
negotiate these hops with the appropriate user/host authentication at
each hop. All methods until now have been the single hop kind, where
the start and end points of the connection did not have intermediate
check points.
-- User Option: tramp-default-proxies-alist
‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ specifies proxy hosts to pass
through. This user option is list of triples consisting of ‘(HOST
USER PROXY)’.
The first match is the proxy host through which passes the file
name and the target host matching USER@HOST. HOST and USER are
regular expressions or ‘nil’, interpreted as a regular expression
which always matches.
PROXY is a literal TRAMP file name whose local name part is
ignored, and the method and user name parts are optional.
The method must be an inline method (*note Inline methods::). If
PROXY is ‘nil’, no additional hop is required reaching USER@HOST.
For example, to pass through the host ‘bastion.your.domain’ as user
‘bird’ to reach remote hosts outside the local domain:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
'("\\." nil "/ssh:bird@bastion.your.domain:"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
'("\\.your\\.domain\\'" nil nil))
*Note*: ‘add-to-list’ adds elements at the beginning of a list.
Therefore, most relevant rules must come last in the list.
Proxy hosts can be cascaded in the alist. If there is another host
called ‘jump.your.domain’, which is the only host allowed to
connect to ‘bastion.your.domain’, then:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
'("\\`bastion\\.your\\.domain\\'"
"\\`bird\\'"
"/ssh:jump.your.domain:"))
PROXY can take patterns ‘%h’ or ‘%u’ for HOST or USER respectively.
Ports or domains, if they are part of a hop file name, are not
expanded by those patterns.
To login as ‘root’ on remote hosts in the domain ‘your.domain’, but
login as ‘root’ is disabled for non-local access, then use this
alist entry:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
'("\\.your\\.domain\\'" "\\`root\\'" "/ssh:%h:"))
Opening ‘/sudo:randomhost.your.domain:’ first connects to
‘randomhost.your.domain’ via ‘ssh’ under your account name, and
then performs ‘sudo -u root’ on that host.
It is key for the ‘sudo’ method in the above example to be applied
on the host after reaching it and not on the local host. TRAMP
checks therefore, that the host name for such hops matches the host
name of the previous hop.
HOST, USER and PROXY can also take Lisp forms. These forms when
evaluated must return either a string or ‘nil’.
To generalize (from the previous example): For all hosts, except my
local one, first connect via ‘ssh’, and then apply ‘sudo -u root’:
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
'(nil "\\`root\\'" "/ssh:%h:"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-default-proxies-alist
`(,(regexp-quote (system-name)) nil nil))
Passing through hops involves dealing with restricted shells, such as
‘rbash’. If TRAMP is made aware, then it would use them for proxies
only.
-- User Option: tramp-restricted-shell-hosts-alist
An alist of regular expressions of hosts running restricted shells,
such as ‘rbash’. TRAMP will then use them only as proxies.
To specify the bastion host from the example above as running a
restricted shell:
(add-to-list 'tramp-restricted-shell-hosts-alist
"\\`bastion\\.your\\.domain\\'")
File: tramp.info, Node: Firewalls, Next: Customizing Methods, Prev: Multi-hops, Up: Configuration
4.10 Passing firewalls
======================
Sometimes, it is not possible to reach a remote host directly. A
firewall might be in the way, which could be passed via a proxy server.
Both OpenSSH and PuTTY support such proxy settings, using an HTTP
tunnel via the ‘CONNECT’ command (conforming to RFC 2616, 2817
specifications). Proxy servers using HTTP 1.1 or later protocol support
this command.
4.10.1 Tunneling with ssh
-------------------------
With ‘ssh’, you could use the ‘ProxyCommand’ entry in ‘~/.ssh/config’:
Host host.other.domain
ProxyCommand nc -X connect -x proxy.your.domain:3128 %h %p
‘nc’ is BSD’s netcat program, which establishes HTTP tunnels. Any
other program with such a feature could be used as well.
In the example, opening ‘/ssh:host.your.domain:’ passes the HTTP
proxy server ‘proxy.your.domain’ on port 3128.
4.10.2 Tunneling with PuTTY
---------------------------
PuTTY does not need an external program, HTTP tunnel support is
built-in. In the PuTTY config program, create a session for
‘host.your.domain’. In the ‘Connection/Data’ entry, select the ‘HTTP’
option, and add ‘proxy.your.domain’ as ‘Proxy hostname’, and 3128 as
‘Port’.
Opening ‘/plinkx:host.your.domain:’ passes the HTTP proxy server
‘proxy.your.domain’ on port 3128.
File: tramp.info, Node: Customizing Methods, Next: Customizing Completion, Prev: Firewalls, Up: Configuration
4.11 Using Non-Standard Methods
===============================
The ‘tramp-methods’ variable currently has an exhaustive list of
predefined methods. Any part of this list can be modified with more
suitable settings. Refer to the Lisp documentation of that variable,
accessible with ‘C-h v tramp-methods <RET>’.
In the ELPA archives, there are several examples of such extensions.
They can be installed with Emacs’s Package Manager. This includes
‘lxc-tramp’
Integration for LXC containers. A container is accessed via
‘/lxc:container:/path/to/file’, ‘container’ has the same meaning as
with the ‘docker’ method. A ‘user’ specification is ignored.
‘lxd-tramp’
Integration for LXD containers. A container is accessed via
‘/lxd:user@container:/path/to/file’, ‘user’ and ‘container’ have
the same meaning as with the ‘docker’ method.
‘magit-tramp’
Browsing Git repositories with ‘magit’. A versioned file is
accessed via ‘/git:rev@root-dir:/path/to/file’. ‘rev’ is a Git
revision, and ‘root-dir’ is a virtual host name for the root
directory, specified in ‘magit-tramp-hosts-alist’.
‘tramp-hdfs’
Access of a hadoop/hdfs file system. A file is accessed via
‘/hdfs:user@node:/path/to/file’, where ‘user’ is the user that you
want to use, and ‘node’ is the name of the hadoop server.
‘tramp-nspawn’
Access to environments provided by systemd-nspawn. A file is
accessed via ‘/nspawn:user@container:/path/to/file’, where ‘user’
is the (optional) user that you want to use, and ‘container’ is the
container to connect to. systemd-nspawn and its container
utilities often require super user access to run, use multi-hop
file names with ‘doas’ or ‘sudo’ to raise your privileges.
‘vagrant-tramp’
Convenience method to access vagrant boxes. It is often used in
multi-hop file names like ‘/vagrant:box|sudo:box:/path/to/file’,
where ‘box’ is the name of the vagrant box.
File: tramp.info, Node: Customizing Completion, Next: Password handling, Prev: Customizing Methods, Up: Configuration
4.12 Selecting config files for user/host name completion
=========================================================
‘tramp-completion-function-alist’ uses predefined files for user and
host name completion (*note File name completion::). For each method,
it keeps a set of configuration files and a function that can parse that
file. Each entry in ‘tramp-completion-function-alist’ is of the form
(METHOD PAIR1 PAIR2 ...).
Each PAIR is composed of (FUNCTION FILE). FUNCTION is responsible
for extracting user names and host names from FILE for completion.
There are two functions which access this variable:
-- Function: tramp-get-completion-function method
This function returns the list of completion functions for METHOD.
Example:
(tramp-get-completion-function "rsh")
⇒ ((tramp-parse-rhosts "/etc/hosts.equiv")
(tramp-parse-rhosts "~/.rhosts"))
-- Function: tramp-set-completion-function method function-list
This function sets FUNCTION-LIST as list of completion functions
for METHOD.
Example:
(tramp-set-completion-function "ssh"
'((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config")
(tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config")))
⇒ ((tramp-parse-sconfig "/etc/ssh_config")
(tramp-parse-sconfig "~/.ssh/config"))
The following predefined functions parsing configuration files exist:
‘tramp-parse-rhosts’
This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to
‘~/.rhosts’. It returns both host names and user names, if
specified.
‘tramp-parse-shosts’
This function parses files which are syntactical equivalent to
‘~/.ssh/known_hosts’. Since there are no user names specified in
such files, it can return host names only.
‘tramp-parse-sconfig’
This function returns the host nicknames defined by ‘Host’ entries
in ‘~/.ssh/config’ style files.
‘tramp-parse-shostkeys’
SSH2 parsing of directories ‘/etc/ssh2/hostkeys/*’ and
‘~/ssh2/hostkeys/*’. Hosts are coded in file names
‘hostkey_PORTNUMBER_HOST-NAME.pub’. User names are always ‘nil’.
‘tramp-parse-sknownhosts’
Another SSH2 style parsing of directories like
‘/etc/ssh2/knownhosts/*’ and ‘~/ssh2/knownhosts/*’. This case,
hosts names are coded in file names ‘HOST-NAME.ALGORITHM.pub’.
User names are always ‘nil’.
‘tramp-parse-hosts’
A function dedicated to ‘/etc/hosts’ for host names.
‘tramp-parse-passwd’
A function which parses ‘/etc/passwd’ for user names.
‘tramp-parse-etc-group’
A function which parses ‘/etc/group’ for group names.
‘tramp-parse-netrc’
A function which parses ‘~/.netrc’ and ‘~/.authinfo’-style files.
To keep a custom file with custom data in a custom structure, a
custom function has to be provided. This function must meet the
following conventions:
-- Function: my-tramp-parse file
FILE must be either a file on the host, or ‘nil’. The function
must return a list of (USER HOST), which are taken as candidates
for completion for user and host names.
Example:
(my-tramp-parse "~/.my-tramp-hosts")
⇒ ((nil "toto") ("daniel" "melancholia"))
File: tramp.info, Node: Password handling, Next: Connection caching, Prev: Customizing Completion, Up: Configuration
4.13 Reusing passwords for several connections
==============================================
To avoid repeated prompts for passwords, consider native caching
mechanisms, such as ‘ssh-agent’ for ‘ssh’-like methods, or ‘pageant’ for
‘plink’-like methods.
TRAMP offers alternatives when native solutions cannot meet the need.
4.13.1 Using an authentication file
-----------------------------------
The package ‘auth-source.el’, originally developed for No Gnus, reads
passwords from different sources, *Note auth-source: (auth)Help for
users. The default authentication file is ‘~/.authinfo.gpg’, but this
can be changed via the user option ‘auth-sources’.
A typical entry in the authentication file:
machine melancholia port scp login daniel password geheim
The port can take any TRAMP method (*note Inline methods::, *note
External methods::). Omitting port values matches all TRAMP methods.
Domain and ports, as used in TRAMP file name syntax, must be appended to
the machine and login items:
machine melancholia#4711 port davs login daniel%BIZARRE password geheim
For the methods ‘doas’, ‘sudo’ and ‘sudoedit’ the password of the
user requesting the connection is needed, and not the password of the
target user. If these connections happen on the local host, an entry
with the local user and local host is used:
machine HOST port sudo login USER password secret
USER and HOST are the strings returned by ‘(user-login-name)’ and
‘(system-name)’. If one of these methods is connected via a multi hop
(*note Multi-hops::), the credentials of the previous hop are used.
If no proper entry exists, the password is read interactively. After
successful login (verification of the password), Emacs offers to save a
corresponding entry for further use by ‘auth-source’ backends which
support this. This can be changed by setting the user option
‘auth-source-save-behavior’ to ‘nil’.
Set ‘auth-source-debug’ to ‘t’ to debug messages.
*Note* that ‘auth-source.el’ is not used for ‘ftp’ connections,
because TRAMP passes the work to Ange FTP. If you want, for example,
use your ‘~/.authinfo.gpg’ authentication file, you must customize
‘ange-ftp-netrc-filename’:
(customize-set-variable 'ange-ftp-netrc-filename "~/.authinfo.gpg")
In case you do not want to use an authentication file for TRAMP
passwords, use connection-local variables (*note (emacs)Connection
Variables::) like this:
(connection-local-set-profile-variables
'remote-without-auth-sources '((auth-sources . nil)))
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp) 'remote-without-auth-sources)
4.13.2 Caching passwords
------------------------
TRAMP can cache passwords as entered and reuse when needed for the same
user or host name independent of the access method.
‘password-cache-expiry’ sets the duration (in seconds) the passwords
are remembered. Passwords are never saved permanently nor can they
extend beyond the lifetime of the current Emacs session. Set
‘password-cache-expiry’ to ‘nil’ to disable expiration.
Set ‘password-cache’ to ‘nil’ to disable password caching.
File: tramp.info, Node: Connection caching, Next: Predefined connection information, Prev: Password handling, Up: Configuration
4.14 Reusing connection related information
===========================================
For faster initial connection times, TRAMP stores previous connection
properties in a file specified by the user option
‘tramp-persistency-file-name’.
The default file name for ‘tramp-persistency-file-name’ is
‘~/.emacs.d/tramp’.
TRAMP reads this file during Emacs startup, and writes to it when
exiting Emacs. Delete this file for TRAMP to recreate a new one on next
Emacs startup.
Set ‘tramp-persistency-file-name’ to ‘nil’ to disable storing
connections persistently.
When TRAMP detects a change in the operating system version in a
remote host (via the command ‘uname -sr’), it flushes all connection
related information for that host and creates a new entry.
File: tramp.info, Node: Predefined connection information, Next: Remote programs, Prev: Connection caching, Up: Configuration
4.15 Setting own connection related information
===============================================
For more precise customization, parameters specified by ‘tramp-methods’
can be overwritten manually.
Set ‘tramp-connection-properties’ to manually override
‘tramp-methods’. Properties in this list are in the form ‘(REGEXP
PROPERTY VALUE)’. REGEXP matches remote file names. Use ‘nil’ to match
all. PROPERTY is the property’s name, and VALUE is the property’s
value.
PROPERTY is any method specific parameter contained in
‘tramp-methods’. The parameter key in ‘tramp-methods’ is a symbol name
‘tramp-<foo>’. To overwrite that property, use the string "<foo>" for
PROPERTY. For example, this changes the remote shell:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "/ssh:user@randomhost.your.domain:")
"remote-shell" "/bin/ksh"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "/ssh:user@randomhost.your.domain:")
"remote-shell-login" '("-")))
The parameters ‘tramp-remote-shell’ and ‘tramp-remote-shell-login’ in
‘tramp-methods’ now have new values for the remote host.
PROPERTY could also be any property found in
‘tramp-persistency-file-name’.
4.15.1 Relevant connection properties to override
-------------------------------------------------
Not all connection properties need to be changed. The most relevant
properties are listed here:
• "login-program"
The property "login-program" stores the program to be used to
connect to the remote host. Sometimes, the program might have
another name on your host, or it might be located in another path.
In this case, you can overwrite the default value, which is special
for every connection method. It is used in all connection methods
of ‘tramp-sh.el’.
• "login-args"
"login-args" specifies a list of lists of arguments to pass to
"login-program". Read the docstring of ‘tramp-methods’ how to
construct these lists.
• "remote-shell"
This property tells TRAMP which remote shell to apply on the remote
host. It is used in all connection methods of ‘tramp-sh.el’. The
default value is "/bin/sh".
• "remote-shell-login"
A property to be used in conjunction with "remote-shell". It
specifies, which shell argument triggers a login shell. Its
default value is "-l", but some shells, like ‘ksh’, prefer "-".
• "session-timeout"
All ‘tramp-sh.el’ based methods accept the property
"session-timeout". This is the time (in seconds) after a
connection is disabled for security reasons, and must be
reestablished. A value of ‘nil’ disables this feature. Most of
the methods do not set this property except the ‘sudo’ and ‘doas’
methods, which use predefined values.
• "~"
"~user"
This is the home directory on the remote host. Setting this
connection property helps especially for methods which cannot
expand to a remote home directory, like ‘adb’, ‘rclone’ and
‘sshfs’. *note Home directories:: for an example.
• "tmpdir"
The temporary directory on the remote host. If not specified, the
default value is "/data/local/tmp" for the ‘adb’ method, "/C$/Temp"
for the ‘smb’ method, and "/tmp" otherwise.
• "direct-async-process"
When this property is non-‘nil’, an alternative, more performant
implementation of ‘make-process’ and ‘start-file-process’ is
applied. The connection method must also be marked with a
non-‘nil’ ‘tramp-direct-async’ parameter in ‘tramp-methods’. *note
Improving performance of asynchronous remote processes:: for a
discussion of constraints.
• "posix"
Connections using the ‘smb’ method check, whether the remote host
supports posix commands. If the remote host runs Samba, it
confirms this capability. However, some very old Samba versions
have errors in their implementation. In order to suppress the
posix commands for those hosts, the property "posix" should be set
to ‘nil’.
The default value of this property is ‘t’ (not specified in
‘tramp-methods’). If the remote host runs native MS Windows, this
property has no effect.
• "mount-point"
The directory file name an FUSE-based file system is mounted on.
The default value of this property is
"/tmp/tramp.method.user@host#port" (not specified in
‘tramp-methods’).
• "mount-args"
"copyto-args"
"moveto-args"
"about-args"
These properties keep optional flags to the different ‘rclone’
operations. See their default values in ‘tramp-methods’ if you
want to change their values.
File: tramp.info, Node: Remote programs, Next: Remote shell setup, Prev: Predefined connection information, Up: Configuration
4.16 How TRAMP finds and uses programs on the remote host
=========================================================
TRAMP requires access to and rights to several commands on remote hosts:
‘ls’, ‘test’, ‘find’ and ‘cat’.
Besides there are other required programs for *note Inline methods::
and *note External methods:: of connection.
To improve performance and accuracy of remote file access, TRAMP uses
‘perl’ (or ‘perl5’) and ‘grep’ when available.
-- User Option: tramp-remote-path
‘tramp-remote-path’ specifies which remote directory paths TRAMP
can search for *note Remote programs::.
TRAMP uses standard defaults, such as ‘/bin’ and ‘/usr/bin’, which
are reasonable for most hosts. To accommodate differences in hosts
and paths, for example, ‘/bin:/usr/bin’ on Debian GNU/Linux or
‘/usr/xpg4/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/bin:/opt/developerstudio12.6/bin’
on Solaris, TRAMP queries the remote host with ‘getconf PATH’ and
updates the symbol ‘tramp-default-remote-path’.
For instances where hosts keep obscure locations for paths for
security reasons, manually add such paths to local ‘.emacs’ as
shown below for TRAMP to use when connecting.
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "/usr/local/perl/bin")
Another way to find the remote path is to use the path assigned to
the remote user by the remote host. TRAMP does not normally retain
this remote path after login. However, ‘tramp-own-remote-path’
preserves the path value, which can be used to update
‘tramp-remote-path’.
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path 'tramp-own-remote-path)
*Note* that this works only if your remote ‘/bin/sh’ shell supports
the login argument ‘-l’.
‘tramp-remote-path’ can also be set per host via connection-local
variables, *Note (emacs)Connection Variables::. You could define your
own search directories like this:
(connection-local-set-profile-variables 'remote-path-with-bin
'((tramp-remote-path . ("~/bin" tramp-default-remote-path))))
(connection-local-set-profile-variables 'remote-path-with-apply-pub-bin
'((tramp-remote-path . ("/appli/pub/bin" tramp-default-remote-path))))
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :machine "randomhost") 'remote-path-with-bin)
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :user "anotheruser" :machine "anotherhost")
'remote-path-with-apply-pub-bin)
When remote search paths are changed, local TRAMP caches must be
recomputed. To force TRAMP to recompute afresh, call ‘M-x
tramp-cleanup-this-connection <RET>’ or friends (*note Cleanup remote
connections::).
File: tramp.info, Node: Remote shell setup, Next: Ssh setup, Prev: Remote programs, Up: Configuration
4.17 Remote shell setup hints
=============================
4.17.1 Changing the default remote or local shell
-------------------------------------------------
By default, TRAMP uses the command ‘/bin/sh’ for starting a shell on the
remote host. This can be changed by setting the connection property
"remote-shell"; see *note Predefined connection information::. If you
want, for example, use ‘/usr/bin/zsh’ on a remote host, you might apply
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "/sshx:user@host:")
"remote-shell" "/usr/bin/zsh"))
This works only for connection methods which allow to override the
remote login shell, like ‘sshx’ or ‘plink’. See *note Inline methods::
and *note External methods:: for connection methods which support this.
This approach has also the advantage, that settings in
‘tramp-sh-extra-args’ will be applied. For ‘zsh’, the trouble with the
shell prompt due to set zle options will be avoided. For ‘bash’,
loading ‘~/.editrc’ or ‘~/.inputrc’ is suppressed.
Similar problems can happen with the local shell TRAMP uses to create
a process. By default, it uses the command ‘/bin/sh’ for this, which
could also be a link to another shell. In order to overwrite this, you
might apply
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-encoding-shell "/usr/bin/zsh")
This uses also the settings in ‘tramp-sh-extra-args’.
*Note*: If you use an ‘ssh’-based method for connection, do _not_ set
the ‘RemoteCommand’ option in your ‘ssh’ configuration, for example to
‘screen’. On the other hand, some ‘ssh’-based methods, like ‘sshx’ or
‘scpx’, silently overwrite a ‘RemoteCommand’ option of the configuration
file.
4.17.2 Other remote shell setup hints
-------------------------------------
TRAMP checks for the availability of standard programs in the usual
locations. Common tactics include successively trying ‘test -e’,
‘/usr/bin/test -e’, and ‘/bin/test -e’. ‘ls -d’ is another approach.
But these approaches do not help with these new login patterns.
When TRAMP encounters two-factor logins or additional challenge
questions, such as entering birth date or security code or passphrase,
TRAMP needs a few more configuration steps to accommodate them.
The difference between a password prompt and a passphrase prompt is
that the password for completing the login while the passphrase is for
authorizing access to local authentication information, such as the ssh
key.
There is no one configuration to accommodate all the variations in
login security, especially not the exotic ones. However, TRAMP provides
a few tweaks to address the most common ones.
‘tramp-shell-prompt-pattern’
‘tramp-shell-prompt-pattern’ is for remote login shell prompt,
which may not be the same as the local login shell prompt,
‘shell-prompt-pattern’. Since most hosts use identical prompts,
TRAMP sets a similar default value for both prompts.
‘tramp-password-prompt-regexp’
‘tramp-wrong-passwd-regexp’
TRAMP uses ‘tramp-password-prompt-regexp’ to distinguish between
prompts for passwords and prompts for passphrases. By default,
‘tramp-password-prompt-regexp’ handles the detection in English
language environments. See a localization example below:
(customize-set-variable
'tramp-password-prompt-regexp
(concat
"^.*"
(regexp-opt
'("passphrase" "Passphrase"
;; English
"password" "Password"
;; Deutsch
"passwort" "Passwort"
;; Français
"mot de passe" "Mot de passe")
t)
".*:\0? *"))
This user option is, by default, initialized from
‘password-word-equivalents’ when TRAMP is loaded, and it is usually
more convenient to add new passphrases to that user option instead
of altering this user option.
Similar localization may be necessary for handling wrong password
prompts, for which TRAMP uses ‘tramp-wrong-passwd-regexp’.
‘tramp-terminal-type’
TRAMP uses the user option ‘tramp-terminal-type’ to set the remote
environment variable ‘TERM’ for the shells it runs. By default, it
is "dumb", but this could be changed. A dumb terminal is best
suited to run the background sessions of TRAMP. However, running
interactive remote shells might require a different setting. This
could be achieved by tweaking the ‘TERM’ environment variable in
‘process-environment’.
(let ((process-environment
(cons "TERM=xterm-256color" process-environment)))
(shell))
Determining a TRAMP session
Sometimes, it is needed to identify whether a shell runs under
TRAMP control. The setting of environment variable ‘TERM’ will
help:
if test "$TERM" = "dumb"; then
...
fi
Another possibility is to check the environment variable
‘INSIDE_EMACS’. Like for all subprocesses of Emacs, this is set to
the version of the parent Emacs process, *Note (emacs)Interactive
Shell::. TRAMP adds its own package version to this string, which
could be used for further tests in an inferior shell. The string
of that environment variable looks always like
echo $INSIDE_EMACS
⇒ 27.2,tramp:2.4.5
‘tset’ and other questions
To suppress inappropriate prompts for terminal type, TRAMP sets the
‘TERM’ environment variable before the remote login process begins
via the user option ‘tramp-terminal-type’ (see above). This will
silence common ‘tset’ related prompts.
TRAMP’s strategy for handling such prompts (commonly triggered from
login scripts on remote hosts) is to set the environment variables
so that no prompts interrupt the shell initialization process.
An alternative approach is to configure TRAMP with strings that can
identify such questions using ‘tramp-actions-before-shell’.
Example:
(defconst my-tramp-prompt-regexp
"Enter the birth date of your mother:\\s-*"
"Regular expression matching my login prompt question.")
(defun my-tramp-action (proc vec)
"Enter \"19000101\" in order to give a correct answer."
(save-window-excursion
(with-current-buffer (tramp-get-connection-buffer vec)
(tramp-message vec 6 "\n%s" (buffer-string))
(tramp-send-string vec "19000101"))))
(add-to-list 'tramp-actions-before-shell
'(my-tramp-prompt-regexp my-tramp-action))
The regular expressions used in ‘tramp-actions-before-shell’ must
match the end of the connection buffer. Due to performance
reasons, this search starts at the end of the buffer, and it is
limited to 256 characters backwards.
Conflicting names for users and variables in ‘.profile’
When a user name is the same as a variable name in a local file,
such as ‘.profile’, then TRAMP may send incorrect values for
environment variables. To avoid incorrect values, change the local
variable name to something different from the user name. For
example, if the user name is ‘FRUMPLE’, then change the variable
name to ‘FRUMPLE_DIR’.
Non-Bourne commands in ‘.profile’
When the remote host’s ‘.profile’ is also used for shells other
than Bourne shell, then some incompatible syntaxes for commands in
‘.profile’ may trigger errors in Bourne shell on the host and may
not complete client’s TRAMP connections.
One example of a Bourne shell incompatible syntax in ‘.profile’:
using ‘export FOO=bar’ instead of ‘FOO=bar; export FOO’. After
remote login, TRAMP will trigger an error during its execution of
‘/bin/sh’ on the remote host because Bourne shell does not
recognize the export command as entered in ‘.profile’.
Likewise, (‘~’) character in paths will cause errors because Bourne
shell does not do (‘~’) character expansions.
One approach to avoiding these incompatibilities is to make all
commands in ‘~/.shrc’ and ‘~/.profile’ Bourne shell compatible so
TRAMP can complete connections to that remote. To accommodate
using non-Bourne shells on that remote, use other shell-specific
config files. For example, bash can use ‘~/.bash_profile’ and
ignore ‘.profile’.
Interactive shell prompt
TRAMP redefines the remote shell prompt internally for robust
parsing. This redefinition affects the looks of a prompt in an
interactive remote shell through commands, such as ‘M-x shell
<RET>’. Such prompts, however, can be reset to something more
readable and recognizable using these environment variables.
TRAMP sets the ‘INSIDE_EMACS’ environment variable in the startup
script file ‘~/.emacs_SHELLNAME’.
‘SHELLNAME’ is ‘bash’ or equivalent shell names. Change it by
setting the environment variable ‘ESHELL’ in the ‘.emacs’ as
follows:
(setenv "ESHELL" "bash")
Then re-set the prompt string in ‘~/.emacs_SHELLNAME’ as follows:
# Reset the prompt for remote TRAMP shells.
if [ "${INSIDE_EMACS/*tramp*/tramp}" == "tramp" ] ; then
PS1="[\u@\h \w]$ "
fi
*Note (emacs)Interactive Shell::.
‘busybox’ / ‘nc’
TRAMP’s ‘nc’ method uses the ‘nc’ command to install and execute a
listener as follows (see ‘tramp-methods’):
$ nc -l -p 42
The above command-line syntax has changed with ‘busybox’ versions.
If ‘nc’ refuses the ‘-p’ parameter, then overwrite as follows:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
`(,(regexp-quote "192.168.0.1")
"remote-copy-args" (("-l") ("%r"))))
where ‘192.168.0.1’ is the remote host IP address (*note Predefined
connection information::).
File: tramp.info, Node: Ssh setup, Next: FUSE setup, Prev: Remote shell setup, Up: Configuration
4.18 Ssh setup hints
====================
The most common TRAMP connection family is based on either ‘ssh’ or
‘scp’ of OpenSSH, or ‘plink’ or ‘pscp’ of PuTTY on MS Windows. In the
following, some configuration recommendations are given.
4.18.1 Using ssh config include for host name completion
--------------------------------------------------------
OpenSSH configuration files can use an ‘Include’ option for further
configuration files. Default TRAMP host name completion ignores this
option. However, you can configure this yourself.
Given, your ‘~/.ssh/config’ file contains the following option:
Include ~/.ssh/conf.d/*
The following code snippet in your ‘.emacs’ uses all files in that
directory for host name completion:
(tramp-set-completion-function
"ssh" (append (tramp-get-completion-function "ssh")
(mapcar (lambda (file) `(tramp-parse-sconfig ,file))
(directory-files
"~/.ssh/conf.d/"
'full directory-files-no-dot-files-regexp))))
This code snippet does it for the ‘ssh’ method. If you replace "ssh"
by "scp", it does it also for that method (or any other method you
like).
4.18.2 Detection of session hangouts
------------------------------------
‘ssh’ sessions on the local host hang when the network is down. TRAMP
cannot safely detect such hangs. OpenSSH can be configured to kill such
hangs with the following settings in ‘~/.ssh/config’:
Host *
ServerAliveInterval 5
ServerAliveCountMax 2
The corresponding PuTTY configuration is in the ‘Connection’ entry,
‘Seconds between keepalives’ option. Set this to 5. There is no
counter which could be set.
4.18.3 Using ssh connection sharing
-----------------------------------
TRAMP uses the ‘ControlMaster=auto’ OpenSSH option by default, if
possible. However, it overwrites ‘ControlPath’ settings when initiating
‘ssh’ sessions. TRAMP does this to fend off a stall if a master session
opened outside the Emacs session is no longer open. That is why TRAMP
prompts for the password again even if there is an ‘ssh’ already open.
Some OpenSSH versions support a ‘ControlPersist’ option, which allows
you to set the ‘ControlPath’ provided the variable
‘tramp-ssh-controlmaster-options’ is customized as follows:
(customize-set-variable
'tramp-ssh-controlmaster-options
(concat
"-o ControlPath=/tmp/ssh-ControlPath-%%r@%%h:%%p "
"-o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=yes"))
Note how ‘%r’, ‘%h’ and ‘%p’ must be encoded as ‘%%r’, ‘%%h’ and
‘%%p’.
If the ‘~/.ssh/config’ file is configured appropriately for the above
behavior, then any changes to ‘ssh’ can be suppressed with this ‘nil’
setting:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-use-ssh-controlmaster-options nil)
This should also be set to ‘nil’ if you use the ‘ProxyCommand’ or
‘ProxyJump’ options in your ‘ssh’ configuration.
In order to use the ‘ControlMaster’ option, TRAMP must check whether
the ‘ssh’ client supports this option. This is only possible on the
local host, for the first hop. TRAMP does not use this option on proxy
hosts, therefore.
If you want to use this option also for the other hops, you must
configure ‘~/.ssh/config’ on the proxy host:
Host *
ControlMaster auto
ControlPath tramp.%C
ControlPersist no
Check the ‘ssh_config(5)’ man page whether these options are
supported on your proxy host.
On MS Windows, ‘tramp-use-ssh-controlmaster-options’ is set to ‘nil’
by default, because the MS Windows and MSYS2 implementations of
‘OpenSSH’ do not support this option properly.
In PuTTY, you can achieve connection sharing in the ‘Connection/SSH’
entry, enabling the ‘Share SSH connections if possible’ option.
4.18.4 Configure direct copying between two remote servers
----------------------------------------------------------
TRAMP uses a temporary local copy when copying two files between
different remote hosts via external methods. This behavior is due to
authentication problems TRAMP cannot handle sufficiently. However, for
‘scp’ connections this can be changed. When a file shall be copied
between two different remote hosts ‘source’ and ‘target’, and
− Variable ‘tramp-use-scp-direct-remote-copying’ is non-‘nil’,
− Remote host ‘source’ doesn’t use the ‘RemoteCommand’ option in
‘~/.ssh/config’,
− Remote host ‘target’ shows the same host key when seen from the
local host and from host ‘source’, and
− ‘scp’ running on host ‘source’ can authenticate to host ‘target’
without requiring a password,
TRAMP applies direct remote copying between hosts ‘source’ and ‘target’
like
scp -p -T -R -q -r source:/path/to/file target:/path/to/another/file
This protects also your local temporary directory from overrun when
copying large files.
If these conditions do not apply, and
‘tramp-use-scp-direct-remote-copying’ is non-‘nil’, the option ‘-3’ is
used instead of ‘-R’.
When TRAMP uses direct remote copying, password caches are not
consulted.
4.18.5 Issues with Cygwin ssh
-----------------------------
This section is incomplete. Please share your solutions.
Cygwin’s ‘ssh’ works only with a Cygwin version of Emacs. To check
for compatibility: type ‘M-x eshell <RET>’, and start ‘ssh test.host
<RET>’. Incompatibilities trigger this message:
Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal.
Some older versions of Cygwin’s ‘ssh’ work with the ‘sshx’ access
method. Consult Cygwin’s FAQ at <https://cygwin.com/faq/> for details.
On the Emacs Wiki (https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/SshWithNTEmacs) it
is explained how to use the helper program ‘fakecygpty’ to fix this
problem.
When using the ‘scpx’ access method, Emacs may call ‘scp’ with MS
Windows file naming, such as ‘c:/foo’. But the version of ‘scp’ that is
installed with Cygwin does not know about MS Windows file naming, which
causes it to incorrectly look for a host named ‘c’.
A workaround: write a wrapper script for ‘scp’ to convert Windows
file names to Cygwin file names.
When using the ‘ssh-agent’ on MS Windows for password-less
interaction, ‘ssh’ methods depend on the environment variable
‘SSH_AUTH_SOCK’. But this variable is not set when Emacs is started
from a Desktop shortcut and authentication fails.
One workaround is to use an MS Windows based SSH Agent, such as
‘Pageant’. It is part of the PuTTY Suite of tools.
The fallback is to start Emacs from a shell.
File: tramp.info, Node: FUSE setup, Next: Android shell setup, Prev: Ssh setup, Up: Configuration
4.19 FUSE setup hints
=====================
The FUSE file systems are mounted by default at
‘/tmp/tramp.method.user@host#port’. The user name and port number are
optional. If the file system is already mounted, it will be used as it
is. If the mount point does not exist yet, TRAMP creates this
directory.
The mount point can be overwritten by the connection property
"mount-point", *note Predefined connection information::. Example:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
`(,(regexp-quote "/sshfs:user@host:")
"mount-point"
,(expand-file-name "sshfs.user@host" user-emacs-directory)))
The user option ‘tramp-fuse-unmount-on-cleanup’, when set to
non-‘nil’, controls, whether a mount point is unmounted on connection
cleanup or on Emacs exiting.
4.19.1 ‘rclone’ setup
---------------------
The default arguments of the ‘rclone’ operations ‘mount’, ‘coopyto’,
‘moveto’ and ‘about’ are declared in the variable ‘tramp-methods’ as
method specific parameters. Usually, they don’t need to be overwritten.
If needed, these parameters can be overwritten as connection
properties "mount-args", "copyto-args", "moveto-args" and "about-args",
*Note Predefined connection information::. All of them are list of
strings.
Be careful changing "--dir-cache-time", this could delay visibility
of files.
4.19.2 ‘sshfs’ setup
--------------------
The method ‘sshfs’ declares the mount arguments in the variable
‘tramp-methods’, passed to the ‘sshfs’ command. This is a list of list
of strings, and can be overwritten by the connection property
"mount-args", *Note Predefined connection information::.
Additionally, it declares also the arguments for running remote
processes, using the ‘ssh’ command. These don’t need to be changed.
File: tramp.info, Node: Android shell setup, Next: Auto-save File Lock and Backup, Prev: FUSE setup, Up: Configuration
4.20 Android shell setup hints
==============================
TRAMP uses the ‘adb’ method to access Android devices. Android devices
provide a restricted shell access through an USB connection. The local
host must have the ‘adb’ program installed. Usually, it is sufficient
to open the file ‘/adb::/’. Then you can navigate in the file system
via ‘dired’.
Alternatively, applications such as ‘Termux’ or ‘SSHDroid’ that run
‘sshd’ process on the Android device can accept any ‘ssh’-based methods
provided these settings are adjusted:
• ‘sh’ must be specified for remote shell since Android devices do
not provide ‘/bin/sh’. ‘sh’ will then invoke whatever shell is
installed on the device with this setting:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "192.168.0.26") "remote-shell" "sh"))
where ‘192.168.0.26’ is the Android device’s IP address. (*note
Predefined connection information::).
• On the Android device the directory names are prefixed with an
application specific prefix, which is
‘/data/data/com.termux/files/usr/bin’ instead of ‘/usr/bin’ in the
‘Termux’ case. You must adapt the file names in
‘tramp-remote-path’, for example via connection-local settings
(*note (emacs)Connection Variables::):
(connection-local-set-profile-variables
'tramp-connection-local-termux-profile
`((tramp-remote-path
. ,(mapcar
(lambda (x)
(if (stringp x) (concat "/data/data/com.termux/files" x) x))
(copy-tree tramp-remote-path)))))
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :machine "192.168.0.26")
'tramp-connection-local-termux-profile)
• When the Android device is not ‘rooted’, specify a writable
directory for temporary files:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "192.168.0.26")
"tmpdir" "/data/data/com.termux/files/home/tmp"))
• Open a remote connection with the command ‘C-x C-f
/ssh:192.168.0.26#2222: <RET>’, where ‘sshd’ is listening on port
‘2222’.
To add a corresponding entry to the ‘~/.ssh/config’ file
(recommended), use this:
Host android
HostName 192.168.0.26
User root
Port 2222
To use the host name ‘android’ instead of the IP address shown in
the previous example, fix the connection properties as follows:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "android") "remote-shell" "sh"))
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "android")
"tmpdir" "/data/data/com.termux/files/home/tmp"))
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :machine "android")
'tramp-connection-local-termux-profile)
Open a remote connection with the more concise command ‘C-x C-f
/ssh:android: <RET>’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Auto-save File Lock and Backup, Next: Keeping files encrypted, Prev: Android shell setup, Up: Configuration
4.21 Auto-save, File Lock and Backup configuration
==================================================
To avoid TRAMP from saving backup files owned by ‘root’ to locations
accessible to others, default backup settings in
‘backup-directory-alist’ have to be altered.
Here’s a scenario where files could be inadvertently exposed. Emacs
by default writes backup files to the same directory as the original
files unless changed to another location, such as ‘~/.emacs.d/backups/’.
Such a directory will also be used by default by TRAMP when using, say,
a restricted file ‘/su:root@localhost:/etc/secretfile’. The backup file
of the secretfile is now owned by the user logged in from TRAMP and not
‘root’.
When ‘backup-directory-alist’ is ‘nil’ (the default), such problems
do not occur.
To “turn off” the backup feature for remote files and stop TRAMP from
saving to the backup directory, use this:
(add-to-list 'backup-directory-alist
(cons tramp-file-name-regexp nil))
Disabling backups can be targeted to just the ‘su’ and ‘sudo’ methods:
(setq backup-enable-predicate
(lambda (name)
(and (normal-backup-enable-predicate name)
(not
(let ((method (file-remote-p name 'method)))
(when (stringp method)
(member method '("su" "sudo"))))))))
Another option is to create better backup file naming with user and
host names prefixed to the file name. For example, transforming
‘/etc/secretfile’ to
‘~/.emacs.d/backups/!su:root@localhost:!etc!secretfile’, set the TRAMP
user option ‘tramp-backup-directory-alist’ from the existing user option
‘backup-directory-alist’.
Then TRAMP backs up to a file name that is transformed with a prefix
consisting of the DIRECTORY name. This file name prefixing happens only
when the DIRECTORY is an absolute local file name.
Example:
(add-to-list 'backup-directory-alist
(cons "." "~/.emacs.d/backups/"))
(customize-set-variable
'tramp-backup-directory-alist backup-directory-alist)
The backup file name of ‘/su:root@localhost:/etc/secretfile’ would be
‘/su:root@localhost:~/.emacs.d/backups/!su:root@localhost:!etc!secretfile~’.
Just as for backup files, similar issues of file naming affect
auto-saving remote files. Auto-saved files are saved in the directory
specified by the user option ‘auto-save-file-name-transforms’. By
default this is set to the local temporary directory. But in some
versions of Debian GNU/Linux, this points to the source directory where
the Emacs was compiled. Reset such values to a valid directory.
Set ‘auto-save-file-name-transforms’ to ‘nil’ to save auto-saved
files to the same directory as the original file.
Alternatively, set the user option ‘tramp-auto-save-directory’ to
direct all auto saves to that location.
An alternative to ‘auto-save-mode’ is ‘auto-save-visited-mode’. In
this mode, auto-saving is identical to explicit saving. If you want to
disable this behavior for remote files, set user option
‘remote-file-name-inhibit-auto-save-visited’ to non-‘nil’.
And still more issues to handle. Since Emacs 28, file locks use a
similar user option as auto-save files, called
‘lock-file-name-transforms’. By default this user option is ‘nil’,
meaning to keep file locks in the same directory as the original file.
If you change ‘lock-file-name-transforms’ in order to keep file locks
for remote files somewhere else, you will lose Emacs’s feature to warn
you, if a file is changed in parallel from different Emacs sessions, or
via different remote connections. Be careful with such settings.
Setting ‘remote-file-name-inhibit-locks’ to non-‘nil’ prevents the
creation of remote lock files at all.
Per default, TRAMP asks for confirmation if a ‘root’-owned remote
backup, auto-save or lock file has to be written to your local temporary
directory. If you want to suppress this confirmation question, set user
option ‘tramp-allow-unsafe-temporary-files’ to ‘t’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Keeping files encrypted, Prev: Auto-save File Lock and Backup, Up: Configuration
4.22 Protect remote files by encryption
=======================================
*Note*: File encryption in TRAMP is experimental, don’t use it in
production systems!
Sometimes, it is desirable to protect files located on remote
directories, like cloud storages. In order to do this, you might
instruct TRAMP to encrypt all files copied to a given remote directory,
and to decrypt such files when accessing. This includes both file
contents and file names.
TRAMP does this transparently. Although both files and file names
are encrypted on the remote side, they are accessible inside Emacs as
they wouldn’t be transformed as such.
Internally, TRAMP uses the ‘encfs’ package. Therefore, this feature
is available only if this package is installed on the local host. TRAMP
does not keep and ‘encfs mountpoint’ permanently. Instead, it encrypts
/ decrypts files and file names on the fly, using ‘encfsctl’.
-- Command: tramp-crypt-add-directory name
This command marks the existing remote directory NAME for
encryption. Files in that directory and all subdirectories will be
encrypted before copying to, and decrypted after copying from that
directory. File and directory names will be also encrypted.
-- User Option: tramp-crypt-encfs-option
If a remote directory is marked for encryption, it is initialized
via ‘encfs’ the very first time a file in this directory is
accessed. This user option controls, which default ‘encfs’
configuration option will be selected, it can be "--standard" or
"--paranoia". See the ‘encfs(1)’ man page for details.
However, TRAMP must adapt these configuration sets. The
‘chainedNameIV’ configuration option must be disabled; otherwise
TRAMP couldn’t handle file name encryption transparently.
A password protected ‘encfs’ configuration file is created the very
first time you access an encrypted remote directory. It is kept in your
‘user-emacs-directory’ with the url-encoded directory name as part of
the basename, and ‘encfs6.xml’ as suffix. If you, for example, mark the
remote directory ‘/nextcloud:user@host:/path/to/dir’ for encryption, the
configuration file is saved as
‘tramp-%2Fnextcloud%3Auser%40host%3A%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fdir%2F.encfs6.xml’ in
‘user-emacs-directory’. Do not lose this file and the corresponding
password; otherwise there is no way to decrypt your encrypted files.
-- User Option: tramp-crypt-save-encfs-config-remote
If this user option is non-‘nil’ (the default), the ‘encfs’
configuration file ‘.encfs6.xml’ is also kept in the encrypted
remote directory. It depends on you, whether you regard the
password protection of this file as sufficient. The advantage
would be, that such a remote directory could be accessed by
different Emacs sessions, different users, without presharing the
configuration file between the users.
The command ‘encfsctl’, the workhorse for encryption / decryption,
needs the configuration file password every call. Therefore, it is
recommend to cache this password in Emacs. This can be done using
‘auth-sources’, *note Using an authentication file::. An entry needs
the url-encoded directory name as machine, your local user name as user,
and the password. The port is optional, if given it must be the string
"crypt". The example above would require the following entry in the
authentication file ("yourname" is the result of ‘(user-login-name)’):
machine %2Fnextcloud%3Auser%40host%3A%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fdir%2F \
login yourname port crypt password geheim
If you use a remote file name with a quoted localname part, this
localname and the corresponding file will not be encrypted / decrypted.
If you have an encrypted remote directory
‘/nextcloud:user@host:/path/to/dir’, the command
C-x d /nextcloud:user@host:/path/to/dir
will show the directory listing with the plain file names, and the
command
C-x d /nextcloud:user@host:/:/path/to/dir
will show the directory listing with the encrypted file names, and
visiting a file will show its encrypted contents. However, it is highly
discouraged to mix encrypted and not encrypted files in the same
directory.
-- Command: tramp-crypt-remove-directory name
This command should be used to indicate that files in ‘name’ should
no longer be encrypted. Existing encrypted files and
subdirectories will remain encrypted.
File: tramp.info, Node: Usage, Next: Bug Reports, Prev: Configuration, Up: Top
5 Using TRAMP
*************
TRAMP operates transparently, accessing remote files as if they are
local. However, TRAMP employs a formalized remote file naming syntax to
perform its functions transparently. This syntax consists of many parts
specifying access methods, authentication, host names, and file names.
Ange FTP uses a similar syntax.
Unlike opening local files in Emacs, which are instantaneous, opening
remote files in TRAMP is slower at first. Sometimes there is a
noticeable delay before the prompts for passwords or authentication
appear in the minibuffer. Hitting ‘<RET>’ or other keys during this gap
will be processed by Emacs. This type-ahead facility is a feature of
Emacs that may cause missed prompts when using TRAMP.
* Menu:
* File name syntax:: TRAMP file name conventions.
* Change file name syntax:: Alternative file name syntax.
* File name completion:: File name completion.
* Ad-hoc multi-hops:: Declaring multiple hops in the file name.
* Home directories:: Expanding ‘~’ to home directory.
* Remote processes:: Integration with other Emacs packages.
* Cleanup remote connections:: Cleanup remote connections.
* Renaming remote files:: Renaming remote files.
* Archive file names:: Access to files in file archives.
File: tramp.info, Node: File name syntax, Next: Change file name syntax, Up: Usage
5.1 TRAMP file name conventions
===============================
‘/method:host:/path/to/file’ opens file /PATH/TO/FILE on the remote host
HOST, using the method METHOD.
‘/ssh:melancholia:.emacs’
For the file ‘.emacs’ located in the home directory, on the host
‘melancholia’, using method ‘ssh’.
‘/ssh:melancholia.danann.net:.emacs’
For the file ‘.emacs’ specified using the fully qualified domain
name of the host.
‘/ssh:melancholia:~/.emacs’
For the file ‘.emacs’ specified using the ‘~’, which is expanded.
‘/ssh:melancholia:~daniel/.emacs’
For the file ‘.emacs’ located in ‘daniel’’s home directory on the
host, ‘melancholia’. The ‘~<user>’ construct is expanded to the
home directory of that user on the remote host.
‘/ssh:melancholia:/etc/squid.conf’
For the file ‘/etc/squid.conf’ on the host ‘melancholia’.
HOST can take IPv4 or IPv6 address, as in ‘/ssh:127.0.0.1:.emacs’ or
‘/ssh:[::1]:.emacs’. For syntactical reasons, IPv6 addresses must be
embedded in square brackets ‘[’ and ‘]’.
By default, TRAMP will use the current local user name as the remote
user name for log in to the remote host. Specifying a different name
using the proper syntax will override this default behavior:
‘/method:user@host:path/to/file’.
‘/ssh:daniel@melancholia:.emacs’ is for file ‘.emacs’ in ‘daniel’’s
home directory on the host, ‘melancholia’, accessing via method ‘ssh’.
For specifying port numbers, affix ‘#<port>’ to the host name. For
example: ‘/ssh:daniel@melancholia#42:.emacs’.
All method, user name, host name, port number and local name parts
are optional, *Note Default Method::, *Note Default User::, *Note
Default Host::. For syntactical reasons, the default method must be
indicated by the pseudo method ‘-’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Change file name syntax, Next: File name completion, Prev: File name syntax, Up: Usage
5.2 Alternative file name syntax
================================
The syntax described in *note File name syntax:: is the ‘default’
syntax, which is active after Emacs startup. However, this can be
changed.
-- Command: tramp-change-syntax syntax
This command changes the syntax TRAMP uses for remote file names.
Beside the ‘default’ value, SYNTAX can be
• ‘simplified’
This remote file name syntax is similar to the syntax used by
Ange FTP. A remote file name has the form
‘/user@host:path/to/file’. The ‘user@’ part is optional, and
the method is determined by *note Default Method::.
• ‘separate’
This remote file name syntax originated in the XEmacs text
editor. A remote file name has the form
‘/[method/user@host]path/to/file’. The ‘method’ and ‘user@’
parts are optional.
-- Variable: tramp-file-name-regexp
This variable keeps a regexp which matches the selected remote file
name syntax. Its value changes after every call of
‘tramp-change-syntax’. However, it is not recommended to use this
variable in external packages, a call of ‘file-remote-p’ is much
more appropriate. *note (elisp)Magic File Names::.
File: tramp.info, Node: File name completion, Next: Ad-hoc multi-hops, Prev: Change file name syntax, Up: Usage
5.3 File name completion
========================
TRAMP can complete the following TRAMP file name components: method
names, user names, host names, and file names located on remote hosts.
User name and host name completion is activated only, if file name
completion has one of the styles ‘basic’, ‘emacs21’, or ‘emacs22’.
*Note (emacs)Completion Styles::.
For example, type ‘C-x C-f / s <TAB>’, TRAMP completion choices show
up as
sbin/ scp: scpx: sftp: sg:
smb: srv/ ssh: sshx: su:
sudo: sys/
‘ssh:’ is a possible completion for the respective method, and
‘sbin/’ stands for the directory ‘/sbin’ on your local host.
Type ‘s h :’ for the minibuffer completion to ‘/ssh:’. Typing
‘<TAB>’ shows host names TRAMP extracts from ‘~/.ssh/config’ file, for
example(1).
ssh:127.0.0.1: ssh:192.168.0.1:
ssh:[::1]: ssh:localhost:
ssh:melancholia.danann.net: ssh:melancholia:
Choose a host from the above list and then continue to complete file
names on that host.
When the configuration (*note Customizing Completion::) includes user
names, then the completion lists will account for the user names as
well.
Results from ‘auth-sources’ search (*note Using an authentication
file::) are added to the completion candidates. This search could be
annoying, for example due to a passphrase request of the
‘~/.authinfo.gpg’ authentication file. The user option
‘tramp-completion-use-auth-sources’ controls, whether such a search is
performed during completion.
Remote hosts previously visited or hosts whose connections are kept
persistently (*note Connection caching::) will be included in the
completion lists. If you want to suppress this completion because there
are invalid entries in the persistency file, for example if the host
configuration changes often, or if you plug your laptop to different
networks frequently, you can set the user option
‘tramp-completion-use-cache’ to nil.
After remote host name completion comes completion of file names on
the remote host. It works the same as with local host file completion
except that killing with double-slash ‘//’ kills only the file name part
of the TRAMP file name syntax. A triple-slash stands for the default
behavior. *Note (emacs)Minibuffer File::.
Example:
C-x C-f /ssh:melancholia:/usr/local/bin//etc <TAB>
⊣ /ssh:melancholia:/etc
C-x C-f /ssh:melancholia://etc <TAB>
⊣ /ssh:melancholia:/etc
C-x C-f /ssh:melancholia:/usr/local/bin///etc <TAB>
⊣ /etc
---------- Footnotes ----------
(1) Some completion styles, like ‘substring’ or ‘flex’, require to
type at least one character after the trailing ‘:’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Ad-hoc multi-hops, Next: Home directories, Prev: File name completion, Up: Usage
5.4 Declaring multiple hops in the file name
============================================
TRAMP file name syntax can accommodate ad-hoc specification of multiple
proxies without using ‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ configuration setup
(*note Multi-hops::).
Each proxy is specified using the same syntax as the remote host
specification minus the file name part. Each hop is separated by a ‘|’.
Chain the proxies from the starting host to the destination remote host
name and file name. For example, hopping over a single proxy
‘bird@bastion’ to a remote file on ‘you@remotehost’:
C-x C-f /ssh:bird@bastion|ssh:you@remotehost:/path <RET>
Each involved method must be an inline method (*note Inline
methods::).
TRAMP adds the ad-hoc definitions on the fly to
‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ and is available for re-use during that
Emacs session. Subsequent TRAMP connections to the same remote host can
then use the shortcut form: ‘/ssh:you@remotehost:/path’. Ad-hoc
definitions are removed from ‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ via the
command ‘M-x tramp-cleanup-all-connections <RET>’ (*note Cleanup remote
connections::).
-- User Option: tramp-save-ad-hoc-proxies
For ad-hoc definitions to be saved automatically in
‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ for future Emacs sessions, set
‘tramp-save-ad-hoc-proxies’ to non-‘nil’.
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-save-ad-hoc-proxies t)
Ad-hoc proxies can take patterns ‘%h’ or ‘%u’ like in
‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’. The following file name expands to user
‘root’ on host ‘remotehost’, starting with an ‘ssh’ session on host
‘remotehost’: ‘/ssh:%h|su:remotehost:’.
On the other hand, if a trailing hop does not specify a host name,
the host name of the previous hop is reused. Therefore, the following
file name is equivalent to the previous example: ‘/ssh:remotehost|su::’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Home directories, Next: Remote processes, Prev: Ad-hoc multi-hops, Up: Usage
5.5 Expanding ‘~’ to home directory
===================================
Home directories on remote hosts can be typed as tilde ‘~’. If
possible, they are expanded to the remote user’s home directory on the
remote host. Example:
/ssh:user@host:~
⇒ /ssh:user@host:/home/user
This works in general for ‘ssh’-like methods, and for ‘sudoedit’.
These methods allow also the home directory expansion for another user,
like
/sudoedit::~otheruser
⇒ /sudoedit:root@localhost:/home/otheruser
For other methods, a home directory can be expanded only if
supported. This happens for example for the ‘sftp’ method. Methods,
which require a share directory in the remote file name (‘afp’, ‘smb’),
use the value of this share directory as home directory:
/smb:user@host:~
⇒ /smb:user@host:/share
Since TRAMP cannot know in advance which share directory is intended
to use, this expansion can be applied only when a share directory has
been used already.
The methods ‘adb’, ‘rclone’ and ‘sshfs’ do not support home directory
expansion at all. However, TRAMP keeps the home directory in the cache.
Therefore, those methods could be configured to expand a home directory
via a connection property, *Note Predefined connection information::.
Example:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "/sshfs:user@randomhost.your.domain:")
"~user" "/home/user"))
When your remote file name does not contain a ‘user’ part, the
connection property "~" must be used instead.
File: tramp.info, Node: Remote processes, Next: Cleanup remote connections, Prev: Home directories, Up: Usage
5.6 Integration with other Emacs packages
=========================================
TRAMP supports starting new running processes on the remote host for
discovering remote file names. Emacs packages on the remote host need
no specific modifications for TRAMP’s use.
This type of integration does not work with the ‘ftp’ method, and
does not support the pty association as specified in
‘start-file-process’.
‘process-file’ and ‘start-file-process’ work on the remote host when
the variable ‘default-directory’ is remote:
(let ((default-directory "/ssh:remote.host:"))
(start-file-process "grep" (get-buffer-create "*grep*")
"/bin/sh" "-c" "grep -e tramp *"))
For a local process, ‘process-file’ returns either the exit code of
the process, or a string describing a signal, when the process has been
interrupted. Since it cannot be determined reliably whether a remote
process has been interrupted, ‘process-file’ will always returns the
exit code for it. When the user option
‘process-file-return-signal-string’ is non-‘nil’, ‘process-file’ treats
all exit codes greater than 128 as an indication that the process has
been interrupted, and returns a corresponding string.
This remote process handling does not apply to GVFS (*note GVFS-based
methods::) because the remote file system is mounted on the local host
and TRAMP accesses it by changing the ‘default-directory’.
TRAMP starts a remote process when a command is executed in a remote
file or directory buffer. As of now, these packages have been
integrated to work with TRAMP: ‘shell.el’, ‘eshell.el’, ‘compile.el’
(commands like ‘compile’ and ‘grep’) and ‘gud.el’ (‘gdb’ or ‘perldb’).
TRAMP always modifies the ‘INSIDE_EMACS’ environment variable for
remote processes. By default, this environment variable shows the Emacs
version. TRAMP adds its own version string, so it looks like
‘27.2,tramp:2.4.5.1’. However, other packages might also add their name
to this environment variable, like ‘27.2,comint,tramp:2.4.5.1’.
For TRAMP to find the command on the remote, it must be accessible
through the default search path as setup by TRAMP upon first connection.
Alternatively, use an absolute path or extend ‘tramp-remote-path’ (*note
Remote programs::):
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "~/bin")
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-path "/appli/pub/bin")
Customize user option ‘tramp-remote-process-environment’ to suit the
remote program’s environment for the remote host.
‘tramp-remote-process-environment’ is a list of strings structured
similar to ‘process-environment’, where each element is a string of the
form ‘ENVVARNAME=VALUE’.
To avoid any conflicts with local host environment variables set
through local configuration files, such as ‘~/.profile’, use
‘ENVVARNAME=’ to unset them for the remote environment.
Use ‘add-to-list’ to add entries:
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-process-environment "JAVA_HOME=/opt/java")
Modifying or deleting already existing values in the
‘tramp-remote-process-environment’ list may not be feasible on
restricted remote hosts. For example, some system administrators
disallow changing ‘HISTORY’ environment variable. To accommodate such
restrictions when using TRAMP, fix the
‘tramp-remote-process-environment’ by the following code in the local
‘.emacs’ file:
(let ((process-environment tramp-remote-process-environment))
(setenv "HISTORY" nil)
(setq tramp-remote-process-environment process-environment))
Setting the ‘ENV’ environment variable instructs some shells to read
an initialization file. By default, TRAMP disables this. You can
override this behavior by evaluating
(let ((process-environment tramp-remote-process-environment))
(setenv "ENV" "$HOME/.profile")
(setq tramp-remote-process-environment process-environment))
In addition to ‘tramp-remote-process-environment’, you can set
environment variables for individual remote process calls by let-binding
‘process-environment’. TRAMP applies any entries not present in the
global default value of ‘process-environment’ (overriding
‘tramp-remote-process-environment’ settings, if they conflict). For
example:
(let ((process-environment (cons "HGPLAIN=1" process-environment)))
(process-file ...))
Let-binding in this way works regardless of whether the process to be
called is local or remote, since TRAMP would add just the ‘HGPLAIN’
setting and local processes would take whole value of
‘process-environment’ along with the new value of ‘HGPLAIN’.
For integrating other Emacs packages so TRAMP can execute remotely,
please file a bug report. *Note Bug Reports::.
5.6.1 Running remote programs that create local X11 windows
-----------------------------------------------------------
To allow a remote program to create an X11 window on the local host, set
the ‘DISPLAY’ environment variable for the remote host as follows in the
local ‘.emacs’ file:
(add-to-list 'tramp-remote-process-environment
(format "DISPLAY=%s" (getenv "DISPLAY")))
‘(getenv "DISPLAY")’ should return a recognizable name for the local
host that the remote host can redirect X11 window interactions. If
querying for a recognizable name is not possible for whatever reason,
then replace ‘(getenv "DISPLAY")’ with a hard-coded, fixed name. Note
that using ‘:0’ for X11 display name here will not work as expected.
An alternate approach is specify ‘ForwardX11 yes’ or
‘ForwardX11Trusted yes’ in ‘~/.ssh/config’ on the local host.
5.6.2 Running ‘shell’ on a remote host
--------------------------------------
Set ‘explicit-shell-file-name’ to the appropriate shell name when using
TRAMP between two hosts with different operating systems, such as
‘windows-nt’ and ‘gnu/linux’. This option ensures the correct name of
the remote shell program.
When ‘explicit-shell-file-name’ is equal to ‘nil’, calling ‘shell’
interactively will prompt for a shell name.
You could use connection-local variables for setting different values
of ‘explicit-shell-file-name’ for different remote hosts. *Note
(emacs)Connection Variables::.
(connection-local-set-profile-variables
'remote-bash
'((explicit-shell-file-name . "/bin/bash")
(explicit-bash-args . ("-i"))))
(connection-local-set-profile-variables
'remote-ksh
'((explicit-shell-file-name . "/bin/ksh")
(explicit-ksh-args . ("-i"))))
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :protocol "ssh" :machine "localhost")
'remote-bash)
(connection-local-set-profiles
`(:application tramp :protocol "sudo"
:user "root" :machine ,(system-name))
'remote-ksh)
5.6.3 Running ‘shell-command’ on a remote host
----------------------------------------------
‘shell-command’ executes commands synchronously or asynchronously on
remote hosts and displays output in buffers on the local host. Example:
C-x C-f /sudo:: <RET>
M-& tail -f /var/log/syslog.log <RET>
‘tail’ command outputs continuously to the local buffer whose name is
the value of the variable ‘shell-command-buffer-name-async’.
‘M-x auto-revert-tail-mode <RET>’ runs similarly showing continuous
output.
‘shell-command’ uses the user option ‘shell-file-name’ and the
variable ‘shell-command-switch’ in order to determine which shell to
run. For remote hosts, their default values are ‘/bin/sh’ and ‘-c’,
respectively (except for the ‘adb’ method, which uses ‘/system/bin/sh’).
Like the variables in the previous section, these variables can be
changed via connection-local variables.
If Emacs supports the user option ‘async-shell-command-width’ (since
Emacs 27), TRAMP cares about its value for asynchronous shell commands.
It specifies the number of display columns for command output. For
synchronous shell commands, a similar effect can be achieved by adding
the environment variable ‘COLUMNS’ to
‘tramp-remote-process-environment’.
5.6.4 Running ‘eshell’ on a remote host
---------------------------------------
TRAMP is integrated into ‘eshell.el’, which enables interactive eshell
sessions on remote hosts at the command prompt. You must add the module
‘eshell-tramp’ to ‘eshell-modules-list’. Here’s a sample interaction
after opening ‘M-x eshell <RET>’ on a remote host:
~ $ cd /sudo::/etc <RET>
/sudo:root@host:/etc $ hostname <RET>
host
/sudo:root@host:/etc $ id <RET>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
/sudo:root@host:/etc $ find-file shadow <RET>
#<buffer shadow>
/sudo:root@host:/etc $
‘eshell’ added custom ‘su’ and ‘sudo’ commands that set the default
directory correctly for the ‘*eshell*’ buffer. TRAMP silently updates
‘tramp-default-proxies-alist’ with an entry for this directory (*note
Multi-hops::):
~ $ cd /ssh:user@remotehost:/etc <RET>
/ssh:user@remotehost:/etc $ find-file shadow <RET>
File is not readable: /ssh:user@remotehost:/etc/shadow
/ssh:user@remotehost:/etc $ sudo find-file shadow <RET>
#<buffer shadow>
/ssh:user@remotehost:/etc $ su - <RET>
/su:root@remotehost:/root $ id <RET>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
/su:root@remotehost:/root $
5.6.5 Running a debugger on a remote host
-----------------------------------------
‘gud.el’ provides a unified interface to symbolic debuggers (*note
(emacs)Debuggers::). TRAMP can run debug on remote hosts by calling
‘gdb’ with a remote file name:
M-x gdb <RET>
Run gdb (like this): gdb -i=mi /ssh:host:~/myprog <RET>
Since the remote ‘gdb’ and ‘gdb-inferior’ processes do not belong to
the same process group on the remote host, there will be a warning,
which can be ignored:
&"warning: GDB: Failed to set controlling terminal: Operation not permitted\n"
As consequence, there will be restrictions in I/O of the process to be
debugged.
Relative file names are based on the remote default directory. When
‘myprog.pl’ exists in ‘/ssh:host:/home/user’, valid calls include:
M-x perldb <RET>
Run perldb (like this): perl -d myprog.pl <RET>
Just the local part of a remote file name, such as ‘perl -d
/home/user/myprog.pl’, is not possible.
Arguments of the program to be debugged must be literal, can take
relative or absolute paths, but not remote paths.
5.6.6 Running remote processes on MS Windows hosts
--------------------------------------------------
‘winexe’ runs processes on a remote MS Windows host, and TRAMP can use
it for ‘process-file’ and ‘start-file-process’.
‘tramp-smb-winexe-program’ specifies the local ‘winexe’ command.
Powershell V2.0 on the remote host is required to run processes
triggered from TRAMP.
‘explicit-shell-file-name’ and ‘explicit-*-args’ have to be set
properly so ‘M-x shell <RET>’ can open a proper remote shell on a MS
Windows host. To open ‘cmd’, set it as follows:
(setq explicit-shell-file-name "cmd"
explicit-cmd-args '("/q"))
To open ‘powershell’ as a remote shell, use this:
(setq explicit-shell-file-name "powershell"
explicit-powershell-args '("-file" "-"))
5.6.7 Remote process connection type
------------------------------------
Asynchronous processes behave differently based on whether they use a
pseudo tty or not. This is controlled by the variable
‘process-connection-type’, which can be ‘t’ or ‘pty’ (use a pseudo tty),
or ‘nil’ or ‘pipe’ (don’t use one). TRAMP is based on running shells on
the remote host, which requires a pseudo tty. Therefore, it declares
the variable ‘tramp-process-connection-type’, which carries this
information for remote processes. Its default value is ‘t’, and there
is no need to change it. The name of the remote pseudo tty is returned
by the function ‘process-tty-name’.
If a remote process, started by ‘start-file-process’, should _not_
use a pseudo tty, this can be requested by setting
‘process-connection-type’ to ‘nil’ or ‘pipe’. There is still a pseudo
tty for the started process, but some terminal properties are changed,
like suppressing translation of carriage return characters into newline.
The function ‘make-process’ allows controlling this explicitly by
using the ‘:connection-type’ keyword. If this keyword is not used, the
value of ‘process-connection-type’ is applied instead.
5.6.8 Process properties of asynchronous remote processes
---------------------------------------------------------
When available, TRAMP adds process properties to process objects of
asynchronous properties. However, it is not guaranteed that all these
properties are set.
• ‘remote-tty’
This is the name of the terminal a PROCESS uses on the remote host,
i.e., it reads and writes on.
• ‘remote-pid’
The process id of the command executed on the remote host. This is
used when sending signals remotely.
• ‘remote-command’
The remote command which has been invoked via ‘make-process’ or
‘start-file-process’, a list of strings (program and its
arguments). This does not show the additional shell sugar TRAMP
makes around the commands, in order to see this you must inspect
TRAMP *note traces: Traces and Profiles.
The functions ‘list-system-processes’ and ‘process-attributes’ return
information about system processes on the respective remote host. In
order to retrieve this information, they use the command ‘ps’, driven by
the following constants:
-- Constant: tramp-process-attributes-ps-args
This is a list of arguments (strings) ‘ps’ is called with. The
default value is appropriate for GNU/Linux remote hosts.
-- Constant: tramp-process-attributes-ps-format
This is a list of cons cells ‘(KEY . TYPE)’ for interpretation of
the ‘ps’ output. KEY is a key used in the ‘process-attributes’
output plus the key ‘pid’, and TYPE is the respective value
returned by ‘ps’. It can be
• ‘numberp’ — a number
• ‘stringp’ — a string without spaces
• NUMBER — a string of NUMBER width, could contain spaces
• ‘nil’ — a string until end of line
The default value is appropriate for GNU/Linux remote hosts.
If, for example, ‘tramp-process-attributes-ps-args’ is declared as
‘("-eww" "-o" "pid,euid,euser,egid,egroup,comm:40,state")’, the output
of the respective ‘ps’ command would look like
PID EUID EUSER EGID EGROUP COMMAND S
1 0 root 0 root systemd S
1610 0 root 0 root NFSv4 callback S
...
The corresponding ‘tramp-process-attributes-ps-format’ has the value
((pid . numberp) (euid . numberp) (user . stringp)
(egid . numberp) (group . stringp) (comm . 40) (state . stringp))
The default values for ‘tramp-process-attributes-ps-args’ and
‘tramp-process-attributes-ps-format’ can be overwritten by
connection-local variables. *Note (emacs)Connection Variables::. This
is already done by TRAMP for the ‘adb’ method, see
‘tramp-adb-connection-local-default-ps-profile’ and
‘tramp-adb-connection-local-default-ps-variables’.
There are three further predefined sets of connection-local variables
for remote BSD systems, for remote macOS systems, and for a remote ‘ps’
command implemented with ‘busybox’. These are called
‘tramp-connection-local-*-ps-profile’ and
‘tramp-connection-local-*-ps-variables’. Use them like
(connection-local-set-profiles
'(:application tramp :machine "mybsdhost")
'tramp-connection-local-bsd-ps-profile)
If you want to see a listing of remote system processes when calling
‘proced’, set user option ‘proced-show-remote-processes’ to non-‘nil’,
or invoke that command with a negative argument like ‘C-u - M-x proced
<RET>’ when your buffer has a remote ‘default-directory’.
5.6.9 Improving performance of asynchronous remote processes
------------------------------------------------------------
TRAMP’s implementation of ‘make-process’ and ‘start-file-process’
requires a serious overhead for initialization, every process
invocation. This is needed for handling interactive dialogs when
connecting the remote host (like providing a password), and initial
environment setup.
Sometimes, this is not needed. Instead of starting a remote shell
and running the command afterwards, it is sufficient to run the command
directly. TRAMP supports this by an alternative implementation of
‘make-process’ and ‘start-file-process’. This is triggered by the
connection property "direct-async-process", *Note Predefined connection
information::, which must be set to a non-‘nil’ value. Example:
(add-to-list 'tramp-connection-properties
(list (regexp-quote "/ssh:user@host:")
"direct-async-process" t))
Using direct asynchronous processes in TRAMP is not possible, if the
remote host is connected via multiple hops (*note Multi-hops::). In
this case, TRAMP falls back to its classical implementation.
Furthermore, this approach has the following limitations:
• It works only for some connection methods defined in
‘tramp-adb.el’, ‘tramp-container.el’, ‘tramp-sh.el’ and
‘tramp-sshfs.el’.
• It does not support interactive user authentication. With
‘ssh’-based methods, this can be avoided by using a password agent
like ‘ssh-agent’, using public key authentication, or using
‘ControlMaster’ options.
• It cannot be applied for ‘ssh’-based methods, which use the
‘RemoteCommand’ option.
• It cannot be killed via ‘interrupt-process’.
• It does not report the remote terminal name via ‘process-tty-name’.
• It does not set process property ‘remote-pid’.
• It does not use ‘tramp-remote-path’.
In order to gain even more performance, it is recommended to bind
‘tramp-verbose’ to 0 when running ‘make-process’ or
‘start-file-process’. Furthermore, you might set
‘tramp-use-ssh-controlmaster-options’ to ‘nil’ in order to bypass
TRAMP’s handling of the ‘ControlMaster’ options, and use your own
settings in ‘~/.ssh/config’.
File: tramp.info, Node: Cleanup remote connections, Next: Renaming remote files, Prev: Remote processes, Up: Usage
5.7 Cleanup remote connections
==============================
TRAMP provides several ways to flush remote connections.
-- Command: tramp-cleanup-connection vec &optional keep-debug
keep-password
This command flushes all connection related objects. VEC is the
internal representation of a remote connection. When called
interactively, this command lists active remote connections in the
minibuffer. Each connection is of the format ‘/method:user@host:’.
Flushing remote connections also cleans the password cache (*note
Password handling::), file cache, connection cache (*note
Connection caching::), and recentf cache (*note (emacs)File
Conveniences::). It also deletes session timers (*note Predefined
connection information::) and connection buffers.
If KEEP-DEBUG is non-‘nil’, the debug buffer is kept. A non-‘nil’
KEEP-PASSWORD preserves the password cache.
-- Command: tramp-cleanup-this-connection
Flushes the current buffer’s remote connection objects, the same as
in ‘tramp-cleanup-connection’.
-- Command: tramp-cleanup-all-connections
Flushes all active remote connection objects, the same as in
‘tramp-cleanup-connection’. This command removes also ad-hoc proxy
definitions (*note Ad-hoc multi-hops::).
-- Command: tramp-cleanup-all-buffers
Just as for ‘tramp-cleanup-all-connections’, all remote connections
and ad-hoc proxy definition are cleaned up in addition to killing
all buffers related to remote connections.
File: tramp.info, Node: Renaming remote files, Next: Archive file names, Prev: Cleanup remote connections, Up: Usage
5.8 Renaming remote files
=========================
Sometimes, it is desirable to safe file contents of buffers visiting a
given remote host. This could happen for example, if the local host
changes its network integration, and the remote host is not reachable
anymore.
-- Command: tramp-rename-files source target
Replace in all buffers the visiting file name from SOURCE to
TARGET. SOURCE is a remote directory name, which could contain
also a localname part. TARGET is the directory name SOURCE is
replaced with. Often, TARGET is a remote directory name on another
host, but it can also be a local directory name. If TARGET has no
local part, the local part from SOURCE is used.
If TARGET is ‘nil’, it is selected according to the first match in
‘tramp-default-rename-alist’. If called interactively, this match
is offered as initial value for selection.
On all buffers, which have a ‘buffer-file-name’ matching SOURCE,
this name is modified by replacing SOURCE with TARGET. This is
applied by calling ‘set-visited-file-name’. The new
‘buffer-file-name’ is prompted for modification in the minibuffer.
The buffers are marked modified, and must be saved explicitly.
If user option ‘tramp-confirm-rename-file-names’ is ‘nil’, changing
the file name happens without confirmation. This requires a
matching entry in ‘tramp-default-rename-alist’.
Remote buffers related to the remote connection identified by
SOURCE, which are not visiting files, or which are visiting files
not matching SOURCE, are not modified.
Interactively, TARGET is selected from ‘tramp-default-rename-alist’
without confirmation if the prefix argument is non-‘nil’.
The remote connection identified by SOURCE is flushed by
‘tramp-cleanup-connection’.
-- Command: tramp-rename-these-files target
Replace visiting file names to TARGET. The current buffer must be
related to a remote connection. In all buffers, which are visiting
a file with the same directory name, the buffer file name is
changed.
Interactively, TARGET is selected from ‘tramp-default-rename-alist’
without confirmation if the prefix argument is non-‘nil’.
-- User Option: tramp-default-rename-alist
The default target for renaming remote buffer file names. This is
an alist of cons cells ‘(source . target)’. The first matching
item specifies the target to be applied for renaming buffer file
names from source via ‘tramp-rename-files’. ‘source’ is a regular
expressions, which matches a remote file name. ‘target’ must be a
directory name, which could be remote (including remote directories
TRAMP infers by default, such as ‘/method:user@host:’).
‘target’ can contain the patterns ‘%m’, ‘%u’ or ‘%h’, which are
replaced by the method name, user name or host name of ‘source’
when calling ‘tramp-rename-files’.
‘source’ could also be a Lisp form, which will be evaluated. The
result must be a string or ‘nil’, which is interpreted as a regular
expression which always matches.
Example entries:
("/ssh:badhost:/path/to/dir/"
. "/ssh:goodhost:/path/to/another/dir/")
would trigger renaming of buffer file names on ‘badhost’ to
‘goodhost’, including changing the directory name.
("/ssh:.+\\.company\\.org:" . "/ssh:multi.hop|ssh:%h:")
routes all connections to a host in ‘company.org’ via
‘/ssh:multi.hop:’, which might be useful when using Emacs outside
the company network.
(nil . "~/saved-files/%m:%u@%h/")
saves all remote files locally, with a directory name including
method name, user name and host name of the remote connection.
-- User Option: tramp-confirm-rename-file-names
Whether renaming a buffer file name by ‘tramp-rename-files’ or
‘tramp-rename-these-files’ must be confirmed.
File: tramp.info, Node: Archive file names, Prev: Renaming remote files, Up: Usage
5.9 Archive file names
======================
TRAMP offers also transparent access to files inside file archives.
This is possible only on hosts which have installed GVFS (the GNOME
Virtual File System), *note GVFS-based methods::. Internally, file
archives are mounted via the GVFS ‘archive’ method.
A file archive is a regular file of kind ‘/path/to/dir/file.EXT’.
The extension ‘.EXT’ identifies the type of the file archive. To
examine the contents of an archive with Dired, open file name as if it
were a directory (i.e., open ‘/path/to/dir/file.EXT/’). A file inside a
file archive, called archive file name, has the name
‘/path/to/dir/file.EXT/dir/file’.
Most of the *note magic file name operations: (elisp)Magic File
Names, are implemented for archive file names, exceptions are all
operations which write into a file archive, and process related
operations. Therefore, functions like
(copy-file "/path/to/dir/file.tar/dir/file" "/somewhere/else")
work out of the box. This is also true for file name completion, and
for libraries like ‘dired’ or ‘ediff’, which accept archive file names
as well.
File archives are identified by the file name extension ‘.EXT’.
Since GVFS uses internally the library ‘libarchive(3)’, all suffixes,
which are accepted by this library, work also for archive file names.
Accepted suffixes are listed in the constant ‘tramp-archive-suffixes’.
They are
• ‘.7z’ — 7-Zip archives
• ‘.apk’ — Android package kits
• ‘.ar’ — UNIX archiver formats
• ‘.cab’, ‘.CAB’ — Microsoft Windows cabinets
• ‘.cpio’ — CPIO archives
• ‘.crate’ — Cargo (Rust) packages
• ‘.deb’ — Debian packages
• ‘.depot’ — HP-UX SD depots
• ‘.epub’ — Electronic publications
• ‘.exe’ — Self extracting Microsoft Windows EXE files
• ‘.iso’ — ISO 9660 images
• ‘.jar’ — Java archives
• ‘.lzh’, ‘.LZH’ — Microsoft Windows compressed LHA archives
• ‘.msu’, ‘.MSU’ — Microsoft Windows Update packages
• ‘.mtree’ — BSD mtree format
• ‘.odb’, ‘.odf’, ‘.odg’, ‘.odp’, ‘.ods’, ‘.odt’ — OpenDocument
formats
• ‘.pax’ — Posix archives
• ‘.rar’ — RAR archives
• ‘.rpm’ — Red Hat packages
• ‘.shar’ — Shell archives
• ‘.tar’, ‘.tbz’, ‘.tgz’, ‘.tlz’, ‘.txz’, ‘.tzst’ — (Compressed) tape
archives
• ‘.warc’ — Web archives
• ‘.xar’ — macOS XAR archives
• ‘.xpi’ — XPInstall Mozilla addons
• ‘.xps’ — Open XML Paper Specification (OpenXPS) documents
• ‘.zip’, ‘.ZIP’ — ZIP archives
File archives could also be compressed, identified by an additional
compression suffix. Valid compression suffixes are listed in the
constant ‘tramp-archive-compression-suffixes’. They are ‘.bz2’, ‘.gz’,
‘.lrz’, ‘.lz’, ‘.lz4’, ‘.lzma’, ‘.lzo’, ‘.uu’, ‘.xz’, ‘.Z’, and ‘.zst’.
A valid archive file name would be ‘/path/to/dir/file.tar.gz/dir/file’.
Even several suffixes in a row are possible, like
‘/path/to/dir/file.tar.gz.uu/dir/file’.
An archive file name could be a remote file name, as in
‘/ftp:anonymous@ftp.gnu.org:/gnu/tramp/tramp-2.4.5.tar.gz/INSTALL’.
Since all file operations are mapped internally to GVFS operations,
remote file names supported by ‘tramp-gvfs’ perform better, because no
local copy of the file archive must be downloaded first. For example,
‘/sftp:user@host:...’ performs better than the similar
‘/scp:user@host:...’. See the constant ‘tramp-archive-all-gvfs-methods’
for a complete list of ‘tramp-gvfs’ supported method names.
If ‘url-handler-mode’ is enabled, archives could be visited via URLs,
like ‘https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tramp/tramp-2.4.5.tar.gz/INSTALL’. This
allows complex file operations like
(progn
(url-handler-mode 1)
(ediff-directories
"https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tramp/tramp-2.4.4.tar.gz/tramp-2.4.4"
"https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tramp/tramp-2.4.5.tar.gz/tramp-2.4.5" ""))
It is even possible to access file archives in file archives, as
(progn
(url-handler-mode 1)
(find-file
"https://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/c/coreutils/\
coreutils_8.28-1_amd64.deb/control.tar.gz/control"))
In order to disable file archives, you could add the following form
to your init file:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-archive-enabled nil)
File: tramp.info, Node: Bug Reports, Next: Frequently Asked Questions, Prev: Usage, Up: Top
6 Reporting Bugs and Problems
*****************************
TRAMP’s development team is actively engaged in solving bugs and
problems and looks to feature requests and suggestions.
TRAMP’s mailing list is the place for more advice and information on
working with TRAMP, solving problems, discussing, and general
discussions about TRAMP.
TRAMP’s mailing list is moderated but even non-subscribers can post
for moderator approval. Sometimes this approval step may take as long
as 48 hours due to public holidays.
<tramp-devel@gnu.org> is the mailing list. Messages sent to this
address go to all the subscribers. This is _not_ the address to send
subscription requests to.
To subscribe to the mailing list, visit: the TRAMP Mail Subscription
Page (https://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/tramp-devel/).
Check if the bug or problem is already addressed in *Note Frequently
Asked Questions::.
Run ‘M-x tramp-bug <RET>’ to generate a buffer with details of the
system along with the details of the TRAMP installation. Please include
these details with the bug report.
The bug report must describe in as excruciating detail as possible
the steps required to reproduce the problem. These details must include
the setup of the remote host and any special or unique conditions that
exist.
Include a minimal test case that reproduces the problem. This will
help the development team find the best solution and avoid unrelated
detours.
To exclude cache-related problems, flush all caches before running
the test, *note Cleanup remote connections::. Alternatively, and often
better for analysis, reproduce the problem in a clean Emacs session
started with ‘emacs -Q’. Then, TRAMP does not load the persistency file
(*note Connection caching::), and it does not use passwords from
‘auth-source.el’ (*note Password handling::). The latter does not
happen for the ‘sudoedit’ method, otherwise it would be unusable.
If you use the GNU ELPA version of TRAMP, you must load it
explicitly, because ‘emacs -Q’ ignores installed ELPA packages. Call
(version number adapted)
$ emacs -Q -l ~/.emacs.d/elpa/tramp-2.4.5.1/tramp-autoloads
When including TRAMP’s messages in the bug report, increase the
verbosity level to 6 (*note Traces: Traces and Profiles.) in the
‘~/.emacs’ file before repeating steps to the bug. Include the contents
of the ‘*tramp/foo*’ and ‘*debug tramp/foo*’ buffers with the bug
report. Both buffers could contain non-ASCII characters which are
relevant for analysis, append the buffers as attachments to the bug
report. This is also needed in order to avoid line breaks during mail
transfer.
If you send the message from Emacs, you are asked about to append
these buffers to the bug report. If you use an external mail program,
you must save these buffers to files, and append them with that mail
program.
*Note* that a verbosity level greater than 6 is not necessary at this
stage. Also note that a verbosity level of 6 or greater, the contents
of files and directories will be included in the debug buffer.
Passwords typed in TRAMP will never be included there.
File: tramp.info, Node: Frequently Asked Questions, Next: Files directories and localnames, Prev: Bug Reports, Up: Top
7 Frequently Asked Questions
****************************
• What is the official name - “Tramp” or “TRAMP”?
The official name is “Tramp”. This is used in comments,
docstrings, and everywhere speaking about TRAMP.
However, for historical reasons this is formatted as “@sc{Tramp}”
in the TRAMP manual. *note (texinfo)Smallcaps::. So it looks
different there.
• Where is the latest TRAMP?
TRAMP is available at the GNU URL:
<https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/tramp/>
TRAMP’s GNU project page is located here:
<https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tramp/>
• Which systems does it work on?
The package works successfully on Emacs 26, Emacs 27, Emacs 28, and
Emacs 29.
While Unix and Unix-like systems are the primary remote targets,
TRAMP has equal success connecting to other platforms, such as MS
Windows 7/8/10.
• How to speed up TRAMP?
TRAMP does many things in the background, some of which depends on
network speeds, response speeds of remote hosts, and authentication
delays. During these operations, TRAMP’s responsiveness slows
down. Some suggestions within the scope of TRAMP’s settings
include:
− Use an external method, such as ‘scp’, which are faster than
internal methods for large files.
− Keep the file ‘tramp-persistency-file-name’, which is where
TRAMP caches remote information about hosts and files.
Caching is enabled by default. Don’t disable it.
Set ‘remote-file-name-inhibit-cache’ to ‘nil’ if remote files
are not independently updated outside TRAMP’s control. That
cache cleanup will be necessary if the remote directories or
files are updated independent of TRAMP.
− Disable version control to avoid delays:
(setq vc-ignore-dir-regexp
(format "\\(%s\\)\\|\\(%s\\)"
vc-ignore-dir-regexp
tramp-file-name-regexp))
If this is too radical, because you want to use version
control remotely, trim ‘vc-handled-backends’ to just those you
care about, for example:
(setq vc-handled-backends '(SVN Git))
− Disable file locks. Set ‘remote-file-name-inhibit-locks’ to
‘t’ if you know that different Emacs sessions are not
modifying the same remote file.
− Disable excessive traces. Set ‘tramp-verbose’ to 3 or lower,
default being 3. Increase trace levels temporarily when
hunting for bugs.
• TRAMP does not connect to the remote host
Three main reasons for why TRAMP does not connect to the remote
host:
− Unknown characters in the prompt
TRAMP needs a clean recognizable prompt on the remote host for
accurate parsing. Shell prompts that contain escape sequences
for coloring cause parsing problems. *note Remote shell
setup:: for customizing prompt detection using regular
expressions.
To check if the remote host’s prompt is being recognized, use
this test: switch to TRAMP connection buffer ‘*tramp/foo*’,
put the cursor at the top of the buffer, and then apply the
following expression:
M-: (re-search-forward (concat tramp-shell-prompt-pattern "$")) <RET>
If the cursor has not moved to the prompt at the bottom of the
buffer, then TRAMP has failed to recognize the prompt.
When using zsh on remote hosts, disable zsh line editor
because zsh uses left-hand side and right-hand side prompts in
parallel. Add the following line to ‘~/.zshrc’:
[[ $TERM == "dumb" ]] && unsetopt zle && PS1='$ ' && return
This uses the default value of ‘tramp-terminal-type’, "dumb",
as value of the ‘TERM’ environment variable. If you want to
use another value for ‘TERM’, change ‘tramp-terminal-type’ and
this line accordingly.
Alternatively, you could set the remote login shell
explicitly. See *note Remote shell setup:: for discussion of
this technique,
When using fish shell on remote hosts, disable fancy
formatting by adding the following to
‘~/.config/fish/config.fish’:
function fish_prompt
if test $TERM = "dumb"
echo "\$ "
else
...
end
end
When using WinSSHD on remote hosts, TRAMP does not recognize
the strange prompt settings.
A similar problem exist with the iTerm2 shell integration,
which sends proprietary escape codes when starting a shell.
This can be suppressed by changing the respective integration
snippet in your ‘~/.profile’ like this:
[ $TERM = "dumb" ] || \
test -e "${HOME}/.iterm2_shell_integration.bash" && \
source "${HOME}/.iterm2_shell_integration.bash"
And finally, bash’s readline should not use key bindings like
‘C-j’ to commands. Disable this in your ‘~/.inputrc’:
$if term=dumb
# Don't bind Control-J or it messes up TRAMP.
$else
"\C-j": next-history
$endif
− Echoed characters after login
TRAMP suppresses echos from remote hosts with the ‘stty -echo’
command. But sometimes it is too late to suppress welcome
messages from the remote host containing harmful control
characters. Using ‘sshx’ or ‘scpx’ methods can avoid this
problem because they allocate a pseudo tty. *Note Inline
methods::.
− TRAMP stops transferring strings longer than 500 characters
Set ‘tramp-chunksize’ to 500 to get around this problem, which
is related to faulty implementation of ‘process-send-string’
on HP-UX, FreeBSD and Tru64 Unix systems. Consult the
documentation for ‘tramp-chunksize’ to see when this is
necessary.
Set ‘file-precious-flag’ to ‘t’ for files accessed by TRAMP so
the file contents are checked using checksum by first saving
to a temporary file. *note (elisp)Saving Buffers::.
(add-hook
'find-file-hook
(lambda ()
(when (file-remote-p default-directory)
(set (make-local-variable 'file-precious-flag) t))))
• TRAMP fails in a chrooted environment
When connecting to a local host, TRAMP uses some internal
optimizations. They fail when Emacs runs in a chrooted
environment. In order to disable those optimizations, set user
option ‘tramp-local-host-regexp’ to ‘nil’.
• Does TRAMP support SSH security keys?
Yes. ‘OpenSSH’ has added support for FIDO hardware devices via
special key types ‘*-sk’. TRAMP supports the additional
handshaking messages for them. This requires at least ‘OpenSSH’
8.2, and a FIDO U2F compatible security key, like yubikey, solokey,
or nitrokey.
• TRAMP does not connect to Samba or MS Windows hosts running SMB1
connection protocol
Recent versions of ‘smbclient’ do not support old connection
protocols by default. In order to connect to such a host, add a
respective option:
(add-to-list 'tramp-smb-options "client min protocol=NT1")
*Note* that using a deprecated connection protocol raises security
problems, you should do it only if absolutely necessary.
• File name completion does not work with TRAMP
ANSI escape sequences from the remote shell may cause errors in
TRAMP’s parsing of remote buffers.
To test if this is the case, open a remote shell and check if the
output of ‘ls’ is in color.
To disable ANSI escape sequences from the remote hosts, disable
‘--color=yes’ or ‘--color=auto’ in the remote host’s ‘.bashrc’ or
‘.profile’. Turn this alias on and off to see if file name
completion works.
• File name completion does not work in directories with large number
of files
This may be related to globbing, which is the use of shell’s
ability to expand wild card specifications, such as ‘*.c’. For
directories with large number of files, globbing might exceed the
shell’s limit on length of command lines and hang. TRAMP uses
globbing.
To test if globbing hangs, open a shell on the remote host and then
run ‘ls -d * ..?* > /dev/null’.
When testing, ensure the remote shell is the same shell (‘/bin/sh’,
‘ksh’ or ‘bash’), that TRAMP uses when connecting to that host.
• How to get notified after TRAMP completes file transfers?
Make Emacs beep after reading from or writing to the remote host
with the following code in ‘~/.emacs’.
(defadvice tramp-handle-write-region
(after tramp-write-beep-advice activate)
"Make TRAMP beep after writing a file."
(interactive)
(beep))
(defadvice tramp-handle-do-copy-or-rename-file
(after tramp-copy-beep-advice activate)
"Make TRAMP beep after copying a file."
(interactive)
(beep))
(defadvice tramp-handle-insert-file-contents
(after tramp-insert-beep-advice activate)
"Make TRAMP beep after inserting a file."
(interactive)
(beep))
• How to get a Visual Warning when working with ‘root’ privileges?
Host indication in the mode line?
Install ‘tramp-theme’ from GNU ELPA via Emacs’s Package Manager.
Enable it via ‘M-x load-theme <RET> tramp <RET>’. Further
customization is explained in user option
‘tramp-theme-face-remapping-alist’.
• Remote host does not understand default options for directory
listing
Emacs computes the ‘dired’ options based on the local host but if
the remote host cannot understand the same ‘ls’ command, then set
them with a hook as follows:
(add-hook
'dired-before-readin-hook
(lambda ()
(when (file-remote-p default-directory)
(setq dired-actual-switches "-al"))))
• Why is ‘~/.sh_history’ on the remote host growing?
Due to the remote shell saving tilde expansions triggered by TRAMP,
the history file is probably growing rapidly. TRAMP can suppress
this behavior with the user option ‘tramp-histfile-override’. When
set to ‘t’, environment variable ‘HISTFILE’ is unset, and
environment variables ‘HISTFILESIZE’ and ‘HISTSIZE’ are set to 0.
Don’t use this with ‘bash’ 5.0.0. There is a bug in ‘bash’ which
lets ‘bash’ die.
Alternatively, ‘tramp-histfile-override’ could be a string.
Environment variable ‘HISTFILE’ is set to this file name then. Be
careful when setting to ‘/dev/null’; this might result in undesired
results when using ‘bash’ as remote shell.
Another approach is to disable TRAMP’s handling of the ‘HISTFILE’
at all by setting ‘tramp-histfile-override’ to ‘nil’. In this
case, saving history could be turned off by putting this shell code
in ‘.bashrc’ or ‘.kshrc’:
if [ -f $HOME/.sh_history ] ; then
/bin/rm $HOME/.sh_history
fi
if [ "${HISTFILE-unset}" != "unset" ] ; then
unset HISTFILE
fi
if [ "${HISTSIZE-unset}" != "unset" ] ; then
unset HISTSIZE
fi
For ‘ssh’-based method, add the following line to your
‘~/.ssh/environment’:
HISTFILE=/dev/null
• Where are remote files trashed to?
Emacs can trash file instead of deleting them, *note Trashing:
(emacs)Misc File Ops. Remote files are always trashed to the local
trash, except remote encrypted files (*note Keeping files
encrypted::), which are deleted anyway.
If Emacs is configured to use the XDG conventions for the trash
directory, remote files cannot be restored with the respective
tools, because those conventions don’t specify remote paths. Such
files must be restored by moving them manually from
‘${XDG_DATA_HOME}/Trash/files/’, if needed.
• How to identify temporary files produced by TRAMP?
Temporary files are kept in your ‘temporary-file-directory’
directory, which is often ‘/tmp/’. By default, they have the file
name prefix "tramp.". If you want to change this prefix, for
example because you want to identify temporary files produced by
‘file-local-copy’ in your package, you can bind the variable
‘tramp-temp-name-prefix’ temporarily:
(let ((tramp-temp-name-prefix "my-prefix."))
(file-local-copy "/ssh::.emacs"))
⇒ "/tmp/my-prefix.HDfgDZ"
• How to shorten long file names when typing in TRAMP?
Adapt several of these approaches to reduce typing. If the full
name is ‘/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc’, then:
1. Use simplified syntax:
If you always apply the default method (*note Default
Method::), you could use the simplified TRAMP syntax (*note
Change file name syntax::):
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-default-method "ssh")
(tramp-change-syntax 'simplified)
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f
/news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc <RET>’.
2. Use default values for method name and user name:
You can define default methods and user names for hosts,
(*note Default Method::, *note Default User::):
(custom-set-variables
'(tramp-default-method "ssh")
'(tramp-default-user "news"))
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f /-:news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc
<RET>’.
*Note* that there are some useful shortcuts already.
Accessing your local host as ‘root’ user, is possible just by
‘C-x C-f /su:: <RET>’.
3. Use configuration options of the access method:
Programs used for access methods already offer powerful
configurations (*note Customizing Completion::). For ‘ssh’,
configure the file ‘~/.ssh/config’:
Host xy
HostName news.my.domain
User news
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f /ssh:xy:/opt/news/etc <RET>’.
Depending on the number of files in the directories, host
names completion can further reduce key strokes: ‘C-x C-f
/ssh:x <TAB>’.
4. Use environment variables to expand long strings:
For long file names, set up environment variables that are
expanded in the minibuffer. Environment variables are set
either outside Emacs or inside Emacs with Lisp:
(setenv "xy" "/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc/")
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f $xy <RET>’.
*Note* that file name cannot be edited here because the
environment variables are not expanded during editing in the
minibuffer.
5. Define own keys:
Redefine another key sequence in Emacs for ‘C-x C-f’:
(global-set-key
[(control x) (control y)]
(lambda ()
(interactive)
(find-file
(read-file-name
"Find TRAMP file: "
"/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc/"))))
Simply typing ‘C-x C-y’ would prepare minibuffer editing of
file name.
See the Emacs Wiki (https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/TrampMode)
for a more comprehensive example.
6. Define own abbreviation (1):
Abbreviation list expansion can be used to reduce typing long
file names:
(add-to-list 'directory-abbrev-alist
'("^/xy" . "/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc/"))
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f /xy <RET>’.
*Note* that file name cannot be edited here because the
abbreviations are not expanded during editing in the
minibuffer. Furthermore, the abbreviation is not expanded
during <TAB> completion.
7. Define own abbreviation (2):
The ‘abbrev-mode’ gives additional flexibility for editing in
the minibuffer:
(define-abbrev-table 'my-tramp-abbrev-table
'(("xy" "/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc/")))
(add-hook
'minibuffer-setup-hook
(lambda ()
(abbrev-mode 1)
(setq local-abbrev-table my-tramp-abbrev-table)))
(defadvice minibuffer-complete
(before my-minibuffer-complete activate)
(expand-abbrev))
The reduced typing: ‘C-x C-f xy <TAB>’.
The minibuffer expands for further editing.
8. Use bookmarks:
Use bookmarks to save TRAMP file names. *note
(emacs)Bookmarks::.
Upon visiting a location with TRAMP, save it as a bookmark
with ‘<menu-bar> <edit> <bookmarks> <set>’.
To revisit that bookmark: ‘<menu-bar> <edit> <bookmarks>
<jump>’.
9. Use recent files:
‘recentf’ remembers visited places. *note (emacs)File
Conveniences::.
Keep remote file names in the recent list without have to
check for their accessibility through remote access:
(recentf-mode 1)
Reaching recently opened files: ‘<menu-bar> <file> <Open
Recent>’.
10. Use filecache:
Since ‘filecache’ remembers visited places, add the remote
directory to the cache:
(with-eval-after-load 'filecache
(file-cache-add-directory
"/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc/"))
Then use directory completion in the minibuffer with ‘C-x C-f
C-<TAB>’.
11. Use bbdb:
‘bbdb’ has a built-in feature for Ange FTP files, which also
works for TRAMP file names. *note Storing FTP sites in the
BBDB: (bbdb)bbdb-ftp.
Load ‘bbdb’ in Emacs:
(require 'bbdb)
(bbdb-initialize)
Create a BBDB entry with ‘M-x bbdb-create-ftp-site <RET>’.
Then specify a method and user name where needed. Examples:
M-x bbdb-create-ftp-site <RET>
Ftp Site: news.my.domain <RET>
Ftp Directory: /opt/news/etc/ <RET>
Ftp Username: ssh:news <RET>
Company: <RET>
Additional Comments: <RET>
In BBDB buffer, access an entry by pressing the key ‘F’.
Thanks to TRAMP users for contributing to these recipes.
• Why saved multi-hop file names do not work in a new Emacs session?
When saving ad-hoc multi-hop TRAMP file names (*note Ad-hoc
multi-hops::) via bookmarks, recent files, filecache, bbdb, or
another package, use the full ad-hoc file name including all hops,
like ‘/ssh:bird@bastion|ssh:news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc’.
Alternatively, when saving abbreviated multi-hop file names
‘/ssh:news@news.my.domain:/opt/news/etc’, the user option
‘tramp-save-ad-hoc-proxies’ must be set non-‘nil’ value.
• How to connect to a remote Emacs session using TRAMP?
Configure Emacs Client (*note (emacs)Emacs Server::).
Then on the remote host, start the Emacs Server:
(require 'server)
(setq server-host (system-name)
server-use-tcp t)
(server-start)
If ‘(system-name)’ of the remote host cannot be resolved on the
local host, use IP address instead.
Copy from the remote host the resulting file
‘~/.emacs.d/server/server’ to the local host, to the same location.
Then start Emacs Client from the command line:
$ emacsclient /ssh:user@host:/file/to/edit
‘user’ and ‘host’ refer to the local host.
To make Emacs Client an editor for other programs, use a wrapper
script ‘emacsclient.sh’:
#!/bin/sh
emacsclient /ssh:$(whoami)@$(hostname --fqdn):$1
Then change the environment variable ‘EDITOR’ to point to the
wrapper script:
$ export EDITOR=/path/to/emacsclient.sh
• How to determine whether a buffer is remote?
The buffer-local variable ‘default-directory’ tells this. If the
form ‘(file-remote-p default-directory)’ returns non-‘nil’, the
buffer is remote. See the optional arguments of ‘file-remote-p’
for determining details of the remote connection.
• How to save files when a remote host isn’t reachable anymore?
If the local machine Emacs is running on changes its network
integration, remote hosts could become unreachable. This happens
for example, if the local machine is moved between your office and
your home without restarting Emacs.
In such cases, the command ‘tramp-rename-files’ can be used to
alter remote buffers’ method, host, and/or directory names. This
permits saving their contents in the same location via another
network path, or somewhere else entirely (including locally).
*note Renaming remote files::.
• How to prevent TRAMP from clearing the ‘recentf-list’?
When TRAMP cleans a connection, it removes the respective remote
file name(s) from ‘recentf-list’. This is needed, because an
unresponsive remote host could trigger ‘recentf’ to connect that
host again and again.
If you find the cleanup disturbing, because the file names in
‘recentf-list’ are precious to you, you could add the following two
forms in your ‘~/.emacs’ after loading the ‘tramp’ and ‘recentf’
packages:
(remove-hook
'tramp-cleanup-connection-hook
#'tramp-recentf-cleanup)
(remove-hook
'tramp-cleanup-all-connections-hook
#'tramp-recentf-cleanup-all)
• I get a warning ‘Tramp has been compiled with Emacs a.b, this is
Emacs c.d’
• I get an error ‘tramp-file-name-handler: Invalid function:
tramp-compat-with-mutex’
TRAMP comes with compatibility code for different Emacs versions.
When you see such a message (the text might differ), you don’t use
the Emacs built-in version of TRAMP, and you must recompile it. In
case you have installed TRAMP from GNU ELPA, see
<https://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#ELPA-Installation>.
Otherwise, see <https://www.gnu.org/software/tramp/#Recompilation>.
• I get an error ‘Remote file error: Forbidden reentrant call of
Tramp’
Timers, process filters and sentinels, and other event based
functions can run at any time, when a remote file operation is
still running. This can cause TRAMP to block. When such a
situation is detected, this error is triggered. It should be fixed
in the respective function (sending an error report will help), but
for the time being you can suppress this error by the following
code in your ‘~/.emacs’:
(setq debug-ignored-errors
(cons 'remote-file-error debug-ignored-errors))
• I get an error ‘Remote file error: Not a valid Tramp file name
function `tramp-FOO-file-name-p'’
TRAMP has changed the signature of an internal function. External
packages implementing an own TRAMP backend must follow this change.
Please report this problem to the author of that package.
For the running session, TRAMP disables the external package, and
you can continue to work. If you don’t want to see this error
while activating TRAMP, you can suppress it by the same code as
above in your ‘~/.emacs’:
(setq debug-ignored-errors
(cons 'remote-file-error debug-ignored-errors))
• How to disable other packages from calling TRAMP?
There are packages that call TRAMP without the user ever entering a
remote file name. Even without applying a remote file syntax, some
packages enable TRAMP on their own. How can users disable such
features.
− ‘ido.el’
Disable TRAMP file name completion:
(customize-set-variable 'ido-enable-tramp-completion nil)
− ‘rlogin.el’
Disable remote directory tracking mode:
(rlogin-directory-tracking-mode -1)
• How to disable TRAMP?
− To keep Ange FTP as default the remote files access package,
set this in ‘.emacs’:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-default-method "ftp")
If you want to enable Ange FTP’s syntax, add the following
form:
(tramp-change-syntax 'simplified)
− To disable both TRAMP (and Ange FTP), set ‘tramp-mode’ to
‘nil’ in ‘.emacs’. *Note*, that we don’t use
‘customize-set-variable’, in order to avoid loading TRAMP.
(setq tramp-mode nil)
− To deactivate TRAMP for some look-alike remote file names, set
‘tramp-ignored-file-name-regexp’ to a proper regexp in
‘.emacs’. *Note*, that we don’t use ‘customize-set-variable’,
in order to avoid loading TRAMP.
(setq tramp-ignored-file-name-regexp "\\`/ssh:example\\.com:")
This is needed, if you mount for example a virtual file system
on your local host’s root directory as ‘/ssh:example.com:’.
− To unload TRAMP, type ‘M-x tramp-unload-tramp <RET>’.
Unloading TRAMP resets Ange FTP plugins also.
• What is the difference between Ange FTP and TRAMP?
The difference is that Ange FTP uses ‘ftp’ to transfer files
between the local and the remote host, whereas TRAMP uses a
combination of ‘ssh’ and ‘scp’ or other work-alike programs.
File: tramp.info, Node: Files directories and localnames, Next: Traces and Profiles, Prev: Frequently Asked Questions, Up: Top
8 How file names, directories and localnames are mangled and managed
********************************************************************
* Menu:
* Localname deconstruction:: Splitting a localname into its component parts.
* External packages:: Integrating with external Lisp packages.
File: tramp.info, Node: Localname deconstruction, Next: External packages, Up: Files directories and localnames
8.1 Splitting a localname into its component parts
==================================================
TRAMP package redefines lisp functions ‘file-name-directory’ and
‘file-name-nondirectory’ to accommodate the unique file naming syntax
that TRAMP requires.
The replacements dissect the file name, use the original handler for
the localname, take that result, and then re-build the TRAMP file name.
By relying on the original handlers for localnames, TRAMP benefits from
platform specific hacks to the original handlers.
File: tramp.info, Node: External packages, Prev: Localname deconstruction, Up: Files directories and localnames
8.2 Integrating with external Lisp packages
===========================================
In general, it is not recommended to use TRAMP functions and variables
not described in this manual. They might change their signature and/or
semantics without any announcement.
8.2.1 File name completion
--------------------------
Sometimes, it is not convenient to open a new connection to a remote
host, including entering the password and alike. For example, this is
nasty for packages providing file name completion. Such a package could
signal to TRAMP, that they don’t want it to establish a new connection.
Use the variable ‘non-essential’ temporarily and bind it to non-‘nil’
value.
(let ((non-essential t))
...)
8.2.2 File attributes cache
---------------------------
Keeping a local cache of remote file attributes in sync with the remote
host is a time-consuming operation. Flushing and re-querying these
attributes can tax TRAMP to a grinding halt on busy remote hosts.
To get around these types of slow-downs in TRAMP’s responsiveness,
set the ‘process-file-side-effects’ to ‘nil’ to stop TRAMP from flushing
the cache. This is helpful in situations where callers to
‘process-file’ know there are no file attribute changes. The let-bind
form to accomplish this:
(let (process-file-side-effects)
...)
For asynchronous processes, TRAMP uses a process sentinel to flush
file attributes cache. When callers to ‘start-file-process’ know
beforehand no file attribute changes are expected, then the process
sentinel should be set to the default state. In cases where the caller
defines its own process sentinel, TRAMP’s process sentinel is
overwritten. The caller can still flush the file attributes cache in
its process sentinel with this code:
(unless (memq (process-status proc) '(run open))
(dired-uncache remote-directory))
Since TRAMP traverses subdirectories starting with the root
directory, it is most likely sufficient to make the ‘default-directory’
of the process buffer as the root directory.
8.2.3 Timers
------------
Timers run asynchronously at any time when Emacs is waiting for sending
a string to a process, or waiting for process output. They can run any
remote file operation, which would conflict with the already running
remote file operation, if the same connection is affected. TRAMP
detects this situation, and raises the ‘remote-file-error’ error. A
timer function should avoid this situation. As a minimum, it should
protect itself against this error, by wrapping the timer function body
as follows:
(ignore-error 'remote-file-error
...)
File: tramp.info, Node: Traces and Profiles, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Files directories and localnames, Up: Top
9 How to Customize Traces
*************************
TRAMP messages are raised with verbosity levels ranging from 0 to 10.
TRAMP does not display all messages; only those with a verbosity level
less than or equal to ‘tramp-verbose’.
The verbosity levels are
0 silent (no TRAMP messages at all)
1 errors
2 warnings
3 connection to remote hosts (default verbosity)
4 activities
5 internal
6 sent and received strings
7 connection properties
8 file caching
9 test commands
10 traces (huge)
11 call traces (maintainer only)
With ‘tramp-verbose’ greater than or equal to 4, messages are also
written to a TRAMP debug buffer. Such debug buffers are essential to
bug and problem analyzes. For TRAMP bug reports, set the
‘tramp-verbose’ level to 6 (*note Bug Reports::).
The debug buffer is in *note (emacs)Outline Mode::. In this buffer,
messages can be filtered by their level. To see messages up to
verbosity level 5, enter ‘C-u 6 C-c C-q’. Other navigation keys are
described in *note (emacs)Outline Visibility::.
TRAMP handles errors internally. Hence, to get a Lisp backtrace, the
following settings are required:
(setq debug-on-error t
debug-on-signal t)
If ‘tramp-verbose’ is greater than or equal to 10, Lisp backtraces
are also added to the TRAMP debug buffer in case of errors.
In very rare cases it could happen, that TRAMP blocks Emacs. Killing
Emacs does not allow inspecting the debug buffer. In that case, you can
instruct TRAMP to mirror the debug buffer to a file:
(customize-set-variable 'tramp-debug-to-file t)
The debug buffer is written as a file in your
‘temporary-file-directory’, which is usually ‘/tmp/’. Use this option
with care, because it could decrease the performance of TRAMP actions.
If ‘tramp-verbose’ is greater than or equal to 11, TRAMP function
call traces are written to the buffer ‘*trace-output*’.
File: tramp.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Function Index, Prev: Traces and Profiles, Up: Top
Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
*****************************************
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<https://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
“Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
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The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
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A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
“Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
“Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
“History” in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
“Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: tramp.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
Function Index
**************
[index ]
* Menu:
* list-system-processes: Remote processes. (line 322)
* make-process: Remote processes. (line 383)
* my-tramp-parse: Customizing Completion.
(line 89)
* process-attributes: Remote processes. (line 322)
* start-file-process: Remote processes. (line 383)
* tramp-bug: Bug Reports. (line 24)
* tramp-change-syntax: Change file name syntax.
(line 10)
* tramp-cleanup-all-buffers: Cleanup remote connections.
(line 33)
* tramp-cleanup-all-connections: Cleanup remote connections.
(line 28)
* tramp-cleanup-connection: Cleanup remote connections.
(line 8)
* tramp-cleanup-this-connection: Cleanup remote connections.
(line 24)
* tramp-crypt-add-directory: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 24)
* tramp-crypt-remove-directory: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 89)
* tramp-get-completion-function: Customizing Completion.
(line 16)
* tramp-get-completion-function <1>: Ssh setup. (line 13)
* tramp-parse-etc-group: Customizing Completion.
(line 77)
* tramp-parse-hosts: Customizing Completion.
(line 69)
* tramp-parse-netrc: Customizing Completion.
(line 81)
* tramp-parse-passwd: Customizing Completion.
(line 73)
* tramp-parse-rhosts: Customizing Completion.
(line 39)
* tramp-parse-sconfig: Customizing Completion.
(line 51)
* tramp-parse-shostkeys: Customizing Completion.
(line 56)
* tramp-parse-shosts: Customizing Completion.
(line 45)
* tramp-parse-sknownhosts: Customizing Completion.
(line 62)
* tramp-rename-files: Renaming remote files.
(line 11)
* tramp-rename-these-files: Renaming remote files.
(line 43)
* tramp-set-completion-function: Customizing Completion.
(line 25)
* tramp-set-completion-function <1>: Ssh setup. (line 13)
File: tramp.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Function Index, Up: Top
Variable Index
**************
[index ]
* Menu:
* ange-ftp-netrc-filename: Password handling. (line 50)
* async-shell-command-width: Remote processes. (line 180)
* auth-source-debug: Password handling. (line 48)
* auth-source-save-behavior: Password handling. (line 42)
* auth-sources: Password handling. (line 15)
* auto-save-file-name-transforms: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 58)
* backup-directory-alist: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 6)
* COLUMNS, environment variable: Remote processes. (line 180)
* ControlPath, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 53)
* ControlPersist, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 53)
* customize-package-emacs-version-alist: Obtaining TRAMP. (line 21)
* debug-ignored-errors: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 613)
* DISPLAY, environment variable: Remote processes. (line 108)
* EDITOR, environment variable: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 554)
* enable-remote-dir-locals: Configuration. (line 28)
* ENV, environment variable: Remote processes. (line 79)
* ESHELL, environment variable: Remote shell setup. (line 203)
* ForwardX11, ssh option: Remote processes. (line 121)
* ForwardX11Trusted, ssh option: Remote processes. (line 121)
* HGPLAIN, environment variable: Remote processes. (line 97)
* HISTFILE, environment variable: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 275)
* HISTFILESIZE, environment variable: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 275)
* HISTORY, environment variable: Remote processes. (line 67)
* HISTSIZE, environment variable: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 275)
* Include, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 13)
* INSIDE_EMACS, environment variable: Remote shell setup. (line 116)
* INSIDE_EMACS, environment variable <1>: Remote shell setup. (line 203)
* INSIDE_EMACS, environment variable <2>: Remote processes. (line 39)
* lock-file-name-transforms: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 76)
* non-essential: External packages. (line 13)
* password-cache: Password handling. (line 78)
* password-cache-expiry: Password handling. (line 73)
* password-word-equivalents: Remote shell setup. (line 93)
* PATH, environment variable: External methods. (line 185)
* proced-show-remote-processes: Remote processes. (line 375)
* process-connection-type: Remote processes. (line 277)
* process-file-return-signal-string: Remote processes. (line 21)
* process-file-side-effects: External packages. (line 26)
* ProxyCommand, ssh option: Firewalls. (line 17)
* ProxyCommand, ssh option <1>: Ssh setup. (line 78)
* ProxyJump, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 78)
* remote-file-error: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 613)
* remote-file-error <1>: External packages. (line 57)
* remote-file-name-inhibit-auto-save-visited: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 71)
* remote-file-name-inhibit-cache: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 50)
* remote-file-name-inhibit-locks: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 86)
* remote-file-name-inhibit-locks <1>: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 68)
* RemoteCommand, ssh option: Remote shell setup. (line 36)
* ServerAliveCountMax, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 38)
* ServerAliveInterval, ssh option: Ssh setup. (line 38)
* shell-command-switch: Remote processes. (line 173)
* shell-file-name: Remote processes. (line 173)
* SHELLNAME, environment variable: Remote shell setup. (line 203)
* SSH_AUTH_SOCK, environment variable: Ssh setup. (line 165)
* TERM, environment variable: Remote shell setup. (line 102)
* TERM, environment variable <1>: Remote shell setup. (line 116)
* tramp-actions-before-shell: Remote shell setup. (line 146)
* tramp-adb-connect-if-not-connected: External methods. (line 193)
* tramp-adb-connection-local-default-ps-profile: Remote processes.
(line 358)
* tramp-adb-connection-local-default-ps-variables: Remote processes.
(line 358)
* tramp-adb-program: External methods. (line 185)
* tramp-allow-unsafe-temporary-files: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 89)
* tramp-archive-all-gvfs-methods: Archive file names. (line 97)
* tramp-archive-compression-suffixes: Archive file names. (line 89)
* tramp-archive-enabled: Archive file names. (line 124)
* tramp-archive-suffixes: Archive file names. (line 29)
* tramp-auto-save-directory: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 68)
* tramp-backup-directory-alist: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 37)
* tramp-completion-function-alist: Customizing Completion.
(line 6)
* tramp-completion-use-auth-sources: File name completion.
(line 37)
* tramp-completion-use-cache: File name completion.
(line 44)
* tramp-confirm-rename-file-names: Renaming remote files.
(line 88)
* tramp-connection-local-bsd-ps-profile: Remote processes. (line 358)
* tramp-connection-local-bsd-ps-variables: Remote processes. (line 358)
* tramp-connection-local-busybox-ps-profile: Remote processes.
(line 358)
* tramp-connection-local-busybox-ps-variables: Remote processes.
(line 358)
* tramp-connection-local-darwin-ps-profile: Remote processes. (line 358)
* tramp-connection-local-darwin-ps-variables: Remote processes.
(line 358)
* tramp-connection-properties: Predefined connection information.
(line 9)
* tramp-crypt-encfs-option: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 30)
* tramp-crypt-save-encfs-config-remote: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 51)
* tramp-debug-to-file: Traces and Profiles. (line 6)
* tramp-default-host: Default Host. (line 6)
* tramp-default-host-alist: Default Host. (line 20)
* tramp-default-method: Default Method. (line 9)
* tramp-default-method-alist: Default Method. (line 17)
* tramp-default-proxies-alist: Multi-hops. (line 13)
* tramp-default-remote-path: Remote programs. (line 19)
* tramp-default-rename-alist: Renaming remote files.
(line 52)
* tramp-default-user: Default User. (line 6)
* tramp-default-user-alist: Default User. (line 14)
* tramp-encoding-shell: Remote shell setup. (line 32)
* tramp-file-name-regexp: Change file name syntax.
(line 28)
* tramp-fuse-unmount-on-cleanup: FUSE setup. (line 20)
* tramp-gvfs-methods: GVFS-based methods. (line 80)
* tramp-histfile-override: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 275)
* tramp-ignored-file-name-regexp: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 676)
* tramp-inline-compress-commands: Inline methods. (line 25)
* tramp-inline-compress-start-size: Inline methods. (line 25)
* tramp-local-host-regexp: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 176)
* tramp-methods: Customizing Methods. (line 6)
* tramp-mode: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 670)
* tramp-own-remote-path: Remote programs. (line 32)
* tramp-password-prompt-regexp: Remote shell setup. (line 72)
* tramp-persistency-file-name: Connection caching. (line 6)
* tramp-process-attributes-ps-args: Remote processes. (line 327)
* tramp-process-attributes-ps-format: Remote processes. (line 331)
* tramp-rclone-program: FUSE-based methods. (line 15)
* tramp-remote-coding-commands: Inline methods. (line 16)
* tramp-remote-path: Remote programs. (line 15)
* tramp-remote-process-environment: Remote processes. (line 53)
* tramp-restricted-shell-hosts-alist: Multi-hops. (line 84)
* tramp-save-ad-hoc-proxies: Ad-hoc multi-hops. (line 29)
* tramp-sh-extra-args: Remote shell setup. (line 22)
* tramp-shell-prompt-pattern: Remote shell setup. (line 64)
* tramp-smb-options: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 192)
* tramp-ssh-controlmaster-options: Ssh setup. (line 59)
* tramp-sshfs-program: FUSE-based methods. (line 46)
* tramp-temp-name-prefix: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 323)
* tramp-terminal-type: Remote shell setup. (line 102)
* tramp-theme-face-remapping-alist: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 255)
* tramp-use-scp-direct-remote-copying: Ssh setup. (line 107)
* tramp-use-ssh-controlmaster-options: Ssh setup. (line 72)
* tramp-verbose: Traces and Profiles. (line 6)
* tramp-version: Obtaining TRAMP. (line 6)
* tramp-wrong-passwd-regexp: Remote shell setup. (line 72)
File: tramp.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Top
Concept Index
*************
[index ]
* Menu:
* .login file: Remote shell setup. (line 45)
* .profile file: Remote shell setup. (line 45)
* 7z file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 35)
* adb method: Quick Start Guide. (line 134)
* adb method <1>: External methods. (line 184)
* afp method: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* afp method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 16)
* alternative file name syntax: Change file name syntax.
(line 6)
* android: Quick Start Guide. (line 134)
* android (with adb method): External methods. (line 184)
* android shell setup for ssh: Android shell setup. (line 6)
* apk file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 37)
* ar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 39)
* archive file names: Archive file names. (line 6)
* archive method: Archive file names. (line 6)
* Asynchronous remote processes: Remote processes. (line 300)
* Asynchronous remote processes <1>: Remote processes. (line 383)
* auto-save: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 6)
* backup: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 6)
* base-64 encoding: Inline methods. (line 16)
* base-64 encoding <1>: Inline methods. (line 16)
* behind the scenes: Overview. (line 44)
* bug reports: Bug Reports. (line 6)
* cab file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 41)
* CAB file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 41)
* caching: Connection caching. (line 6)
* change file name syntax: Change file name syntax.
(line 6)
* choosing the right method: Default Method. (line 43)
* cleanup: Cleanup remote connections.
(line 6)
* compile: Remote processes. (line 6)
* configuration: Configuration. (line 6)
* connection types, overview: Connection types. (line 6)
* cpio file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 43)
* crate file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 45)
* create your own methods: Customizing Methods. (line 6)
* customizing completion: Customizing Completion.
(line 6)
* customizing methods: Customizing Methods. (line 6)
* cygwin and fakecygpty: Ssh setup. (line 153)
* cygwin and ssh-agent: Ssh setup. (line 165)
* cygwin, issues: Ssh setup. (line 142)
* dav method: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* dav method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 24)
* davs method: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* davs method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 24)
* dbus: GVFS-based methods. (line 6)
* deb file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 47)
* default configuration: Configuration. (line 6)
* default host: Default Host. (line 6)
* default method: Default Method. (line 6)
* default user: Default User. (line 6)
* depot file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 49)
* details of operation: Overview. (line 44)
* doas method: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* doas method <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* doas method <2>: Inline methods. (line 71)
* docker method: Inline methods. (line 136)
* encfs: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 19)
* encfsctl: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 19)
* Encrypt remote directories: Keeping files encrypted.
(line 6)
* epub file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 51)
* eshell: Remote processes. (line 191)
* exe file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 53)
* external methods: External methods. (line 6)
* fakecygpty and cygwin: Ssh setup. (line 153)
* FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 6)
* fcp method: External methods. (line 76)
* file archive suffix 7z: Archive file names. (line 35)
* file archive suffix apk: Archive file names. (line 37)
* file archive suffix ar: Archive file names. (line 39)
* file archive suffix cab: Archive file names. (line 41)
* file archive suffix CAB: Archive file names. (line 41)
* file archive suffix cpio: Archive file names. (line 43)
* file archive suffix crate: Archive file names. (line 45)
* file archive suffix deb: Archive file names. (line 47)
* file archive suffix depot: Archive file names. (line 49)
* file archive suffix epub: Archive file names. (line 51)
* file archive suffix exe: Archive file names. (line 53)
* file archive suffix iso: Archive file names. (line 55)
* file archive suffix jar: Archive file names. (line 57)
* file archive suffix lzh: Archive file names. (line 59)
* file archive suffix LZH: Archive file names. (line 59)
* file archive suffix msu: Archive file names. (line 61)
* file archive suffix MSU: Archive file names. (line 61)
* file archive suffix mtree: Archive file names. (line 63)
* file archive suffix odb: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix odf: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix odg: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix odp: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix ods: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix odt: Archive file names. (line 66)
* file archive suffix pax: Archive file names. (line 68)
* file archive suffix rar: Archive file names. (line 70)
* file archive suffix rpm: Archive file names. (line 72)
* file archive suffix shar: Archive file names. (line 74)
* file archive suffix tar: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix tbz: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix tgz: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix tlz: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix txz: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix tzst: Archive file names. (line 77)
* file archive suffix warc: Archive file names. (line 79)
* file archive suffix xar: Archive file names. (line 81)
* file archive suffix xpi: Archive file names. (line 83)
* file archive suffix xps: Archive file names. (line 85)
* file archive suffix zip: Archive file names. (line 87)
* file archive suffix ZIP: Archive file names. (line 87)
* file archives: Archive file names. (line 6)
* file name completion: File name completion.
(line 6)
* file name examples: File name syntax. (line 6)
* file name syntax: Quick Start Guide. (line 20)
* file name syntax <1>: File name syntax. (line 6)
* file-lock: Auto-save File Lock and Backup.
(line 6)
* frequently asked questions: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 6)
* fsh (with fcp method): External methods. (line 76)
* fsh method: External methods. (line 86)
* ftp method: External methods. (line 118)
* fuse-based methods: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* fuse-based methods <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 6)
* gdb: Remote processes. (line 224)
* gdrive method: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* gdrive method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 34)
* git method: Customizing Methods. (line 25)
* GNOME Online Accounts: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* GNOME Online Accounts <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 34)
* GNU ELPA: Obtaining TRAMP. (line 6)
* google drive: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* google drive <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 34)
* gud.el: Remote processes. (line 224)
* gvfs-based methods: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* gvfs-based methods <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 6)
* hdfs method: Customizing Methods. (line 31)
* how it works: Overview. (line 44)
* http tunnel: Firewalls. (line 6)
* inline methods: Inline methods. (line 6)
* iso file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 55)
* jar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 57)
* kerberos (with krlogin method): Inline methods. (line 104)
* kerberos (with ksu method): Inline methods. (line 109)
* krlogin method: Inline methods. (line 104)
* ksu method: Inline methods. (line 109)
* kubernetes method: Inline methods. (line 146)
* lxc method: Customizing Methods. (line 15)
* lxd method: Customizing Methods. (line 20)
* lzh file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 59)
* LZH file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 59)
* media: GVFS-based methods. (line 47)
* method adb: Quick Start Guide. (line 134)
* method adb <1>: External methods. (line 184)
* method afp: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* method afp <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 16)
* method archive: Archive file names. (line 6)
* method dav: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* method dav <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 24)
* method davs: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* method davs <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 24)
* method doas: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* method doas <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* method doas <2>: Inline methods. (line 71)
* method docker: Inline methods. (line 136)
* method fcp: External methods. (line 76)
* method fsh: External methods. (line 86)
* method ftp: External methods. (line 118)
* method gdrive: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* method gdrive <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 34)
* method git: Customizing Methods. (line 25)
* method hdfs: Customizing Methods. (line 31)
* method krlogin: Inline methods. (line 104)
* method ksu: Inline methods. (line 109)
* method kubernetes: Inline methods. (line 146)
* method lxc: Customizing Methods. (line 15)
* method lxd: Customizing Methods. (line 20)
* method mtp: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* method mtp <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 47)
* method nc: External methods. (line 91)
* method nextcloud: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* method nextcloud <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 64)
* method nspawn: Customizing Methods. (line 36)
* method plink: Quick Start Guide. (line 43)
* method plink <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* method plink <2>: Inline methods. (line 114)
* method plinkx: Inline methods. (line 126)
* method podman: Inline methods. (line 141)
* method pscp: External methods. (line 62)
* method psftp: External methods. (line 62)
* method rclone: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* method rclone <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 14)
* method rcp: External methods. (line 17)
* method rsh: Inline methods. (line 33)
* method rsync: External methods. (line 37)
* method scp: External methods. (line 25)
* method scpx: External methods. (line 48)
* method scpx with cygwin: Ssh setup. (line 157)
* method sftp: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* method sftp <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 72)
* method sg: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* method sg <1>: Inline methods. (line 77)
* method smb: Quick Start Guide. (line 87)
* method smb <1>: External methods. (line 124)
* method ssh: Quick Start Guide. (line 43)
* method ssh <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* method ssh <2>: Inline methods. (line 40)
* method sshfs: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* method sshfs <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 45)
* method sshx: Inline methods. (line 85)
* method sshx with cygwin: Ssh setup. (line 144)
* method su: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* method su <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* method su <2>: Inline methods. (line 55)
* method sudo: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* method sudo <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* method sudo <2>: Inline methods. (line 62)
* method sudoedit: Quick Start Guide. (line 78)
* method sudoedit <1>: External methods. (line 98)
* method telnet: Inline methods. (line 50)
* method vagrant: Customizing Methods. (line 44)
* methods, external: External methods. (line 6)
* methods, fuse: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* methods, fuse <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 6)
* methods, gvfs: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* methods, gvfs <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 6)
* methods, inline: Inline methods. (line 6)
* ms windows (with smb method): Quick Start Guide. (line 87)
* ms windows (with smb method) <1>: External methods. (line 124)
* msu file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 61)
* MSU file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 61)
* mtp method: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* mtp method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 47)
* mtree file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 63)
* multi-hop: Multi-hops. (line 6)
* multi-hop, ad-hoc: Ad-hoc multi-hops. (line 6)
* nc method: External methods. (line 91)
* nc unix command: Remote shell setup. (line 228)
* nextcloud: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* nextcloud <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 64)
* nextcloud method: Quick Start Guide. (line 105)
* nextcloud method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 64)
* nspawn method: Customizing Methods. (line 36)
* obtaining TRAMP: Obtaining TRAMP. (line 6)
* odb file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* odf file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* odg file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* odp file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* ods file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* odt file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 66)
* overview: Overview. (line 6)
* passwords: Password handling. (line 6)
* pax file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 68)
* perldb: Remote processes. (line 224)
* plink (with pscp method): External methods. (line 62)
* plink (with psftp method): External methods. (line 62)
* plink method: Quick Start Guide. (line 43)
* plink method <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* plink method <2>: Inline methods. (line 114)
* plinkx method: Inline methods. (line 126)
* podman method: Inline methods. (line 141)
* powershell: Remote processes. (line 255)
* proced: Remote processes. (line 375)
* proxy hosts: Multi-hops. (line 6)
* proxy hosts, ad-hoc: Ad-hoc multi-hops. (line 6)
* proxy hosts, http tunnel: Firewalls. (line 6)
* pscp method: External methods. (line 62)
* psftp method: External methods. (line 62)
* putty (with pscp method): External methods. (line 62)
* putty (with psftp method): External methods. (line 62)
* quick start guide: Quick Start Guide. (line 6)
* rar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 70)
* rclone method: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* rclone method <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 14)
* rclone setup: FUSE setup. (line 27)
* rcp method: External methods. (line 17)
* recompile: Remote processes. (line 6)
* remote shell setup: Remote shell setup. (line 45)
* rpm file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 72)
* rsh (with rcp method): External methods. (line 17)
* rsh method: Inline methods. (line 33)
* rsync method: External methods. (line 37)
* save remote files: Renaming remote files.
(line 6)
* scp method: External methods. (line 25)
* scpx method: External methods. (line 48)
* scpx method with cygwin: Ssh setup. (line 157)
* selecting config files: Customizing Completion.
(line 6)
* separate syntax: Change file name syntax.
(line 21)
* sftp method: Quick Start Guide. (line 95)
* sftp method <1>: GVFS-based methods. (line 72)
* sg method: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* sg method <1>: Inline methods. (line 77)
* shar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 74)
* shell: Remote processes. (line 127)
* shell init files: Remote shell setup. (line 45)
* shell-command: Remote processes. (line 161)
* simplified syntax: Change file name syntax.
(line 14)
* smb method: Quick Start Guide. (line 87)
* smb method <1>: External methods. (line 124)
* smbclient: Quick Start Guide. (line 87)
* smbclient <1>: External methods. (line 124)
* ssh (with rsync method): External methods. (line 37)
* ssh (with scp method): External methods. (line 25)
* ssh (with scpx method): External methods. (line 48)
* ssh method: Quick Start Guide. (line 43)
* ssh method <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* ssh method <2>: Inline methods. (line 40)
* sshfs method: Quick Start Guide. (line 116)
* sshfs method <1>: FUSE-based methods. (line 45)
* sshfs setup: FUSE setup. (line 42)
* sshx method: Inline methods. (line 85)
* sshx method with cygwin: Ssh setup. (line 144)
* SSH_AUTH_SOCK and emacs on ms windows: Ssh setup. (line 165)
* su method: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* su method <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* su method <2>: Inline methods. (line 55)
* sudo method: Quick Start Guide. (line 55)
* sudo method <1>: Quick Start Guide. (line 68)
* sudo method <2>: Inline methods. (line 62)
* sudoedit method: Quick Start Guide. (line 78)
* sudoedit method <1>: External methods. (line 98)
* tar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* tbz file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* telnet (with nc method): External methods. (line 91)
* telnet method: Inline methods. (line 50)
* tgz file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* tlz file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* TRAMP theme: Frequently Asked Questions.
(line 255)
* tramp-process-connection-type: Remote processes. (line 277)
* tset unix command: Remote shell setup. (line 136)
* txz file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* type-ahead: Usage. (line 12)
* tzst file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 77)
* unix command nc: Remote shell setup. (line 228)
* unix command tset: Remote shell setup. (line 136)
* using non-standard methods: Customizing Methods. (line 6)
* using TRAMP: Usage. (line 6)
* uu encoding: Inline methods. (line 16)
* vagrant method: Customizing Methods. (line 44)
* warc file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 79)
* winexe: Remote processes. (line 255)
* xar file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 81)
* xpi file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 83)
* xps file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 85)
* zip file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 87)
* ZIP file archive suffix: Archive file names. (line 87)
* zsh setup: Remote shell setup. (line 9)
Tag Table:
Node: Top933
Node: Overview5629
Node: Obtaining TRAMP10985
Node: Quick Start Guide13443
Ref: Quick Start Guide File name syntax14224
Ref: Quick Start Guide ssh and plink methods15320
Ref: Quick Start Guide su, sudo, doas and sg methods15867
Ref: Quick Start Guide Combining ssh, plink, su, sudo and doas methods16539
Ref: Quick Start Guide sudoedit method17104
Ref: Quick Start Guide smb method17514
Ref: Quick Start Guide GVFS-based methods17845
Ref: Quick Start Guide GNOME Online Accounts based methods18291
Ref: Quick Start Guide FUSE-based methods18833
Ref: Quick Start Guide Android19706
Node: Configuration19940
Node: Connection types22824
Node: Inline methods24241
Node: External methods29858
Node: GVFS-based methods38998
Node: FUSE-based methods43152
Node: Default Method46104
Node: Default User49284
Node: Default Host50813
Node: Multi-hops51945
Node: Firewalls56138
Node: Customizing Methods57612
Node: Customizing Completion59846
Node: Password handling63336
Ref: Using an authentication file63806
Ref: Caching passwords66190
Node: Connection caching66708
Node: Predefined connection information67638
Node: Remote programs72739
Node: Remote shell setup75652
Node: Ssh setup86114
Node: FUSE setup93154
Ref: Setup of rclone method94099
Ref: Setup of sshfs method94682
Node: Android shell setup95140
Node: Auto-save File Lock and Backup98454
Node: Keeping files encrypted102792
Node: Usage107435
Node: File name syntax108857
Node: Change file name syntax110865
Node: File name completion112295
Ref: File name completion-Footnote-1115199
Node: Ad-hoc multi-hops115334
Node: Home directories117399
Node: Remote processes119130
Ref: Running a debugger on a remote host128849
Ref: Improving performance of asynchronous remote processes135803
Node: Cleanup remote connections138185
Node: Renaming remote files139886
Node: Archive file names144117
Node: Bug Reports148869
Node: Frequently Asked Questions152148
Node: Files directories and localnames179182
Node: Localname deconstruction179618
Node: External packages180271
Node: Traces and Profiles183073
Node: GNU Free Documentation License185158
Node: Function Index210531
Node: Variable Index214125
Node: Concept Index226019
End Tag Table
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